I have a confession to make. Early on in my career I was terrible at interviewing. I would take months obsessing over every pixel in my online portfolio only to fail in the last round of interviews. That is, if I got lucky to get to that final round in the first place. Most of the time, after submitting my application, I never heard anything back. As a designer I was comfortable generating ideas on a whiteboard with colleagues, but doing a whiteboard design challenge in front of an interview panel gave me performance anxiety. And donāt get me started on the take-home design exercise assignment. Trying to read the lines of what the company was looking for while balancing a looming work deadline always put me in a tight spot.
Much has changed since then. Over the past decade Iāve personally interviewed with many companies, from small startups to large corporations. Beyond my own experience of interviewing, I had the privilege of being on the other side of the table. I conducted app critiques, whiteboard challenges, sat in on portfolio presentations, and talked with countless designers and design managers. If there was one thing that I learned, itās that everyone struggles with interviews. Even senior candidatesāstrong in their craft with years of experience behind themātend to hit some speed bumps in their interview process.
Designing is hard. We spend considerable time, effort, and money learning the craft, whether itās through traditional education, new boot camps, or on the job. We invest time in our education because we believe the payoff will be worth it. But when it comes to looking for work, we frequently find ourselves on our own. Unfortunately, the job search and design interviewing process can sometimes feel just as mysterious, understood only by a select few. It can feel downright elitist. And, of course, the lack of feedback on how weāve done or what we could have done better doesnāt help.
But it doesnāt have to be this way.
With the right approach we can take control of the job search process to land a role thatās both exciting and helps us grow. You can improve your interviewing skills and communicate in such a way that puts your best foot forward to let your skills and talents shine.
This book is geared toward individual contributor designers who are looking to transition to their next or first role. If youāre a current manager or a manager-to-be, you may still find this information useful, but note that this material doesnāt cover manager-specific design interviews.
āconfusionā Throughout the book, for the purpose of brevity, I use the term āproduct designerā as a catchall for various industry terms such as āinteraction designer,ā āUX/UI designer,ā āexperience designer,ā among others.
If youāre starting out as a designer, congrats! Youāre on an exciting journey. To set you up for success weāll look into strategies for approaching the job search in a way that gives you more autonomy. I recommend paying close attention to the first part of the book, which will help you think through your ideal role based on your strengths, growth areas, and interests. Starting with the end in my mind will sharpen your senses and get the most out of your search. And of course, the book is chock full of interview examples to help you on your journey.
You may think you already know how to prepare and what to expect from interviews, having been through the process a few times. This may be true, but design expertise does not always equate to excellent interview performance. So donāt leave this to chance. Whether itās how to represent yourself during your final presentation or how to solve design exercises without missing a beat, you can skip around to sections that you may need more practice on or are looking for ways to distinguish yourself.
Having been once a design student, I know the value of a solid education. Nothing beats dedicating the time and effort to learn design through and through. But beyond classes, few design programs help students in navigating the world post-graduation. Unfortunately, too often, students are left to their own devices. This book aims to bridge the gap between the two worldsāacademia and professional practiceāand will give you useful information for helping todayās students succeed in the competitive marketplace.
This book takes the approach of covering the product design job search process from beginning to end. Itās meant to be your guide throughout the process, from when you first start thinking about where you want to go all the way to how you can create your new job and get up to speed quicklyāand itās chock-full of tips in-between.
You donāt have to read the book from cover to cover. In fact I encourage you to skip around. Go to the sections that are the most relevant to you now or where you need the most help.
Part I: The Modern Product Designer. Before firing up that portfolio, it helps to first understand who you are as a designer. Weāll look into the skills and traits of todayās product designers. Weāll also do a detailed breakdown of key job characteristics you should consider for your next role. By defining your ideal role upfront, youāll be able to tailor your application thus increasing your chances of landing the dream job.
Part II: Taking Action and Finding Opportunities. Weāll build on the previous section by uncovering your superpowers, which will lay the groundwork for your pitch. Youāll use your pitch across various channels to communicate your unique competitive advantage as a designer. Iāll show you how you can tailor your portfolio to practically speak to your strengths. Lastly, weāll cover several strategies for how to apply to roles.
Product designer. UX designer. UI/UX designer. Interaction designer. Experience designer. There are just some of the many titles designers call themselves these days. But look deeper and youāll quickly realize that one companyās product designer is very different from anotherās. Before diving into titles, it helps to step back and start by asking yourself:
What type of designer are you?
What are your strengths and what are your growth areas?
What traits are second nature and what doesnāt come as easy?
The design industry has evolved significantly over the last few decades. Significant innovations in mobile computing have increased design scope to native and wearable devices. Larger tech companies translated psychology principles with the help of design into engaging, and at times addictive, products. All of this is to say that the roles and responsibilities of designers have significantly changed over the last few years.
The titles of design have also evolved. Previously, specialist skills present in roles such as web designer, service designer, interaction designer, UX designer, UI designer, and information architect are now commonly seen collapsed under the title of āproduct designer.ā This sometimes adds more to the confusion since product design expectations vary by company.
āconfusionā To keep things focused and less wordy, throughout the book Iāll be using the term product design to refer to UX/UI design as well.
While the definition of a product designer is in flux, here are some general things to keep in mind if youāre applying for this role:
Different models exist out there to map out design skills. Itās a rough science and more of an art. IDEO popularized the T-shaped designerāsomeone who has deep knowledge and expertise in one or two areas (for example, interaction design and research) but has broad knowledge of other areas (for example, service design and brand design). Larger companies, usually with bigger teams, are composed of a mix of designers. Some of those designers tend to be I-shapedādeep specialists in their domain (motion graphics experts, for instance).
The modern designer will typically have a variety of skills at their disposal.
Beyond understanding your own skills, you need to also think about how your skill sets translate to the needs of an organization. At the end of the day, youāll be hired to solve another companyās pain point that they are not able to solve themselves. These pain points vary, but thereās some consistency depending on the companyās maturity.
Smaller companies, such as startups for instance, canāt afford to hire many designers, so they typically bring in a senior generalist to start. Typically this designer will have a strong grasp of interaction design and research, and some visual design skills. Theyāll help establish a design direction for the company and ship product, while integrating design process into the product development cycle.
To do strong design work, you have to be well versed in fundamental skills. Itās a prerequisite for the job. This is the raw ability to take inputs and transform them into something meaningful based on your technical knowledge of tools and concepts.
Craft is your knowledge of the tools, methods, and techniques to get the work done. A good designer has a solid grasp of the fundamentals that are usually studied in school, but not everything will be or is expected to be mastered at an academic setting.
āimportantā The most important skill of all? Learn how to acquire new skills or renew existing ones as the design field changes rapidly.
From a craft perspective you need to think about acquiring skills in these areas:
Design is a team sport. A designer is powerless if they canāt communicate what theyāve done and if they canāt work well with others. Strong collaboration and communication skills are key throughout oneās journey as a designer.
Initially, entry-level designers focus on smaller features and work primarily with oversight from a senior designer. As oneās career progresses, the scope and complexity increase. While strong craft skills are still a prerequisite, oneās focus shifts toward influencing others and working with other cross-functional senior leaders on ambiguous, long-term projects.
There are various models of how a designer fits into a companyās org chart. One of the more popular models these days is the squad model, where a designer, product manager, and a technical lead all work together to establish the teamās day-to-day and overall long-term vision. However, sometimes youāll also frequently work with other specialists, such as researchers and data scientists. If this is a multi-team project, youāll probably have regular syncs with the other teams and itās not uncommon to interface with non-technical counterparts such as folks in sales, legal, operations and so on. Youāll be working closely with the team to get your work shipped. Unless youāre also an engineer, most likely youāll need developer support to get the thing youāve designed built.
Should designers have a seat at the table? It depends on the organization and design maturityāsome already do, while in companies with low design maturity, designers are merely decorators late in the process. But what does it mean to have a seat, and whatās expected of designers who create value beyond producing deliverables?
At its core, strategy is choosing what to do and what to leave out. Itās about deliberately prioritizing limited resources (time, money, people) to create value.
Not all designers will engage in strategy. Typically this is the domain of product managers or senior-level designers. Some designers might even eschew strategy altogether in favor of being a master at craft. Thereās nothing inherently wrong with that, but if you do want to grow your influence in a company, then understanding the business, how it makes money and how design can help, will help you advance rapidly in the organization.
When youāre interviewing, demonstrating that your work has led to success will make you stand out. Yes, itās hard to get crisp data and many designers struggle with showing results of their work beyond the deliverable. If you are in this situation, follow up with your team. Get the data. Get the information you need; not only will it be important for interviewsāitās important as a feedback loop overall.
Aside from having a well-honed skill set, designers possess traits that help them get quality work done while elevating people around them to do their best work. Strong designers raise the quality bar and are seen as leaders to emulate due to the positive examples they set in the workplace. Examine the following traits.
Design is a team sport that continues to evolve and rapidly grow over time. No one knows everything, but how you handle the lack of knowledge makes a key difference. Having a āgrowth mindsetā (as coined by Carol Dweck) as opposed to a āfixed mindsetā helps you continue to push when the going gets tough and to learn from failure.
Designers with a growth mindset:
As you can see, the modern designer possesses a tremendous amount of knowledge about various aspects of design. If youāre starting out in your career, donāt worry, you donāt need to know everything all at once! Naturally, there will be some areas youāll gravitate toward and enjoy, and others where you may need to pay extra attention in order to improve.
If youāre an entry-level designer, the core expertise and strength that you should bring to your team lies in your craft. This means you should be spending more of your time on the tactics and execution, getting stronger and faster with production. How companies determine your level of craft will vary and this is a good conversation to have with your manager. But in general youāll probably want to hone in on your interaction design and visual design skills. When you have the basics down, you should pay attention to execution and strategy. All of these things take time, so donāt stress out if you donāt feel like youāre growing as fast as youād like. It usually takes a couple of tries on multiple projects to improve your skills.
As a senior designer, your work will be more strategic. You may not be pushing the pixels as much day-to-day, but youāll find yourself in meetings and strategy sessions. Youāll be responsible for leading the team toward new ideas and innovations on par with your product manager and engineering lead.
There are of course exceptions to these rules. In larger companies, for instance, there are dedicated specialist roles for visual designers, interaction designers, and motion designers If youāre working at a small company or a startup, you might find yourself stepping into strategy more often than not, and doing the design, while also running research studies and maybe even coding some of the concepts yourself. For some designers, this can be a nightmare. Others will relish the opportunity to do multiple things at once and learn a lot. Ultimately itās up to you to decide whatās the best fit.
Being intentional in your job search will help you find a job thatās a great fit. Defining what your future role should look like will help you dismiss options that donāt fit with that vision and help you make decisions that are based on values that are important to you.
If youāre just starting out in your career or youāve been recently laid off, itās tempting to jump at the first offer, end the search, and start doing the work. Of course everyoneās circumstances vary, and if that first offer checks all the boxes for you, then definitely pursue it.
The trouble comes sometimes when we havenāt taken the time to define those boxes. In those circumstances our opinion may get swayed by shiny things like the perks that companies like to advertise: happy hours on Fridays, various discounts, Ping-Pong tables, and so on. While these may sound cool, the reality is that they might not be applicable to you at all. Maybe at this stage of your career whatās important to you is mentorship, guidance, access, and the ability to work with senior professionals closely so you can level up and grow quickly.
This is why itās important to define your own criteria when looking for a job. Letās apply the jobs-to-be-done framework by Clayton Christensen. Donāt think about getting any jobāthink of hiring a job for your needs. This will help you identify a company that can support your growth and help you reach your potential faster with wind at your back.
Think through the companyās characteristics that are important to you as if youāre evaluating a candidate. What makes them great? Who would you pass and who would you hire? Not all of these characteristics will play an equal role, and you may choose to include others, so treat this list as a starting point:
Design maturity of the company.
Your future manager.
A mature design company has internalized and established proven design processes that it has honed over many years. Design is not a layer sprinkled at the end of the product development cycle but an integral piece at the heart of the process, a core competency thatās well funded and properly staffed.
| Low maturity company | High maturity company | |
|---|---|---|
| Opportunity to | Establish a practice of design from scratch in-line with your vision, go beyond the work and shape process and design culture. | Focus on the core work and develop strong individual contributor skills in craft and collaboration. |
| Best suited whenā¦ | Youāve been in industry for some time; you can do the work. | Youāre starting out and need guidance and mentorship. |
| Youāre interested in | Operations, processes, design management, policy, and governance. | Improving your core individual contributor design skills, focusing on deliverables. |
High design maturity companies are great places to learn quickly and with rigor. You can continue to stay and develop your skills further to become a skilled specialist (that is, design lead) or a manager. Alternatively, you can seek a different challenge altogether by going to a low design maturity company to build the design culture there.
Your future design manager will play a key role in your career. They will have the final say about your performance. In many companies a combination of peer and manager reviews are common, but at the end of the day, the manager wields a significant amount of influence. They will ultimately decide how well youāve done compared to your peers and whether your performance was satisfactory or not.
While we sometimes think of managers as omnipotent supervisors, the reality is that we still have control over who we decide to work for. In fact, during your interviews, you want to think of interviewing your manager as much as theyāre interviewing you. What kind of manager would you like to hire? Think about the skills that youāre trying to improve and how they can help.
Having a manager whoās come from a design background can be helpful. If youāre just starting out in your design career, theyāll get you up to speed quickly on the craft side of things. But not all designers make great managers. Some may have turned to management reluctantly because it was difficult for them to advance otherwise. So when you are interviewing with a design manager, take note how they show up and the type of design team culture theyāve established (more on that in the next section). In the later stages of your job search when you get an offer, be sure to talk with other designers who currently work with this manager or have worked with them in the past.
Trendy Ping-Pong tables, fun swag, cool off-sites. Some of these things may come to mind when we reference a companyās culture. In reality, perks are just surface characteristics of a culture, which usually runs much deeperāitās the way things get done in an organization. Some companies may look great from the outside, but inside the reality is different. When interviewing for companies, itās important to find out the real deal (usually by interviewing the company after youāve got your offer, and at the same time it helps to think about companiesā characteristics that are important to youāthat is, which environment aligns best with your values.
How do you determine a companyās culture? One way to understand culture is by looking at how the company wants to present itself. Usually thatās a companyās mission statement or its list of values. But beware, whatās preached is not always practiced. To ensure it performed at the highest level of ethics, one company put together a statement of human rights and espoused values, such as respect, integrity, communication, and excellence. The company, Enron, is now a popular case study in values gone wrongāthe value they rewarded was the opposite of what was written.
One way to think about a companyās culture is through its actions. How does it get things done?
In-house (big company or startup) and agency roles offer different advantages. This is a simplified model, but it should give you a rough idea of the work youād be doing at those types of companies.
| Name | Big company | Agency | Early stage startup |
|---|---|---|---|
| Industry | Youāll gain deep expertise and, depending on the company, may work within a limited subset of industries. | At an agency (unless theyāre specialized) youāll work with a variety of clients who come from different industries. | Youāll become the in-house design expert, knowing the ins and outs of your industry and how it relates to the company. |
| Variety of design projects | In a large company this will be highly dependent on the team. However, the benefit of large companies is that you have many teams to choose from. | Youāll be exposed to different clients and organizations. Some engagements last a week and others may last months, but variety is usually the norm. | As the only designer or as part of a small team, youāll have your hands full in a variety of design projects for the company from product, to brand, to marketing, and so on. |
| Salary | Tends to be higher as large companies are sustainably profitable. | Usually runs lower as service businesses arenāt easy to scale and most of the cost is due to human resources. | Most of your compensation here will be derived from equity, not so much cash. |
| Risk and longevity | Usually highly stable, less risk for the company to go under. | As a service business, agencies are inherently risky in that they depend on a continuous stream of clients. | Not many startups survive beyond their first year, and many donāt turn in a profit. |
| Structure | Usually highly structured, defined processes, much slower than a startup. | Depends on the agency, newer agencies typically donāt have as much structure. | Usually no structure, the primary focus is on getting the company off the ground. |
| Youāll learn | Specialized individual contributor skills with an opportunity to get into design management. | Similar to the big company, youāll develop specialized craft skills, and you may also choose to advance in the client-relationship track. | Youāll wear multiple hats and may cross over domains (marketing, front-end, and so on). If the company grows and starts hiring, there may also be an opportunity to manage incoming designers. |
If youāre going in-house, two more factors to consider are enterprise or consumer. If youāre going the agency route, most specialize in consumer products, but some exclusively focus on complex enterprise apps.
| Name | Consumer company | Enterprise company |
|---|---|---|
| Places a premium on | Simplicity, high polish, solid craft, aesthetics. | Solving for complex interactions, extensibility. |
| Who do these companies serve? | Usually many every-day individual consumers. | Usually fewer buyers, who get the product on behalf of a company. |
| Watch out for | Flurry of activity that leads nowhere. | Sales-driven culture that doesnāt value designās input. |
| Update cycle | Typically moves faster with limitations driven by platforms (for example, mobile slightly behind web). | Slower, sometimes determined by sales cycles or mandated updates that happen a few times a year. |
Over the last two decades the world of product design and its potential applications has exploded. Previously, desktop computers, slow connections, and basic-feature phones used to dominate the digital landscape. Now with more powerful computers and ubiquitous connectivity, new platforms have emerged on the scene. Mobile is no longer the hot new trend but is a mainstream, mature platform with guidelines that have been refined over time. Emerging platforms like virtual or augmented reality are not brand-new either, but the best practices for them are still evolving.
So what does this all mean for design? In part, it depends on where you want to take your career. Working on a mature platform will offer you a safe space to leverage existing patterns and to quickly shape new features that can help solve user and business problems. Emerging platforms, on the other hand, offer an exciting opportunity to define and pioneer the space since there are no set best practices and standards yet.
| Mature platforms | Emerging platforms | |
|---|---|---|
| Examples | Web, mobile. | Virtual reality, augmented reality, wearables, autonomous vehicles. |
| Design patterns | Established and concrete, evolving slowly. | Fluid and changing, opportunity to pioneer and set the precent. |
| Risk level | None, these platforms are here to stay. | High, these platforms may not be the right solution or may not be economically feasible. |
| Adoption | High across enterprise and consumer markets. | Varies, for example, the use of autonomous vehicles is restricted to certain regions. |
In todayās largely digitized world, the physical environment still matters to a degree. Living in a city that has a vibrant tech ecosystem confers a number of advantages. Take for example the San Francisco Bay Area. The venture capital industry creates an opportunity for many new companies to kick start growing. A few of these companies go public and become your regular big high-tech company like Google or Facebook, thus creating even more opportunity. Even in the case for startups that donāt make it, and thatās usually the case for many of them, the ecosystem makes it easier for employees to transition to another company. Because tech opportunities are abundant, the risk of being unemployed for a long period of time is significantly less compared to places that donāt have a tech ecosystem.
Aside from employment opportunities, thereās a higher chance to run into other like-minded folks and to strike new connections. San Francisco, for instance, has no shortage of tech- and design-related events happening every day. Every summer, San Francisco Design Week allows companies to open up their doors, giving eager designers a sneak peek into the space. Aside from connecting with other designers, there are courses and training for product managers, bootcamps for new engineers, and overall a vibrant ecosystem that supports professional development.
āstoryāWhen I first moved to San Francisco, I found one of my jobs by waiting in line for a product management event. Outside the venue, in the uncharacteristic San Francisco rain, I struck up a conversation with a couple of folks behind me. One of them happened to be a data scientist who was looking for a designer for her startup. I applied and a few months later got the job. This is the power of serendipitous connections and being in the right place at the right time.
Of course the Bay Area is a well-known place, but it does have its challenges, such as rising costs of living that promotes a transient population, making the Bay less of a destination and more of a spring board. According to Hiredās 2018 report in the U.S.: Seattle, Austin, and Denver are some of the top cities for relocation for tech workers. New York City boasts its own tech hub, while having far more diversity than the Bay Area. Bostonās high student population and medical focus create a unique culture of health tech innovation.
In the wake of COVID-19 many companies have gone fully remote. Some, like Facebook, Twitter, and Coinbase allow at least employees to permanently work from home. While not all companies are following this trend yet, itās highly likely that in the future more opportunities will be geographically distributed.
If you are interviewing for a remote role, itās important to dig into the details of the remote arrangement. Has the company done remote work before, or is this a first-time experiment? Itās not necessarily a red flag if youāre the first remote employee. That said, you should learn more about how the company will support you if you are the sole remote pioneer. Hollowayās guide on Remote Work is a good resource for anyone figuring out how to navigate the remote work experience.
One decision to consider when youāre looking for your next job is whether you want to specialize in a particular industry or domain. For example, you may want to specialize in the healthcare sector because you think thatās an area where youāll make the most impact and you may already have some prior industry knowledge that can put you at an advantage. As an industry specialist, youāll be able to get up to speed quickly on new projects and command a premium for your salary. Typically designers choose to specialize later in their careers, but there is no right approach as itās largely a personal choice.
You can also consider remaining an industry generalist. This may be a good choice when youāre not yet sure if thereās a particular industry you want to focus on and if you still want to double down on your design skills. Your lack of context sometimes may also be an advantage as it may lead to breakthrough solutions that a specialist may have missed.
As a designer specializing in an industry, youāll understand the domain deeply and will be able to make a faster impact to the company that hired you. If youāre coming to the design from another role (education, for instance), this could be a good way to get an in. For example, new designers who have worked in your field (letās say as a nurse practitioner) will have a domain knowledge advantage over designers who have never done work in this space.
As youāre considering companies and opportunities, itās helpful to also to step back and think about the type of impact you may want to create and the legacy to leave behind. Are you more comfortable working on a deep problem that impacts few but has the power to change their experience significantly? Or would you prefer to cover a smaller problem that affects millions? There isnāt a right or wrong answer here, and just like the question of different culturesāsome of these problems may resonate closer with you than others.
When we make decisions, weāre usually well aware of our present surroundings and our current situation. While usually itās good to be present in the moment, sometimes it may deter us from taking on an opportunity that might seem risky in the near-term. One way to get over this risk is to reflect on this experience as if youāre looking back at it. Jeff Bezos calls it the regret minimization frameworkāif you were to look back in your life as if youāre 80 years old, how would this experience feel? Sometimes this additional perspective can help us see things in focus when viewed from a broader lens.
Now that youāre familiar with the job criteria, take a step back to brainstorm what aspects of that criteria are important to you. You can use this job evaluation template to get started. One way to think about your next role is in the context of your previous positions. What lessons did you learn there? What was useful and what wasnāt as useful? What do you want to do more or less of?
When we think of career paths we might think of a linear, incremental line steadily progressing as weāre improving a little bit every day. But oftentimes progress is not linear. Sometimes you hit a plateau and stagnate, other times you break through and grow fast. Imagine how your design career and your life can unfold in the next five years. You can look at this from a couple of perspectives.
Here are a few futures to experiment with:
What would your future look like given the current trajectory and if you stayed in the role that youāre currently in over the next few years?
What if you specialized in a specific domain, for example healthcare or e-commerce design, over the next few years? What would your path look like?
If you want to learn more about applying design thinking to your life, take a look at Designing Your Life: How to Build a Well-Lived, Joyful Life, by Bill Burnett and Dave Evans. If youāre interested more in futures thinking, check out What the Foresight, by Alida Draudt and Julia Rose West. We commonly think about the future on a linear scale, where things improve gradually over time. This book challenges this notion by introducing multiple futures.
Before diving into portfolio case studies itās important to step back and think about the type of design prowess that you bring.
Product designer is a generic title. In companies like Facebook, regardless of seniority, everyone is a product designer and so itās hard to understand who is senior, which level theyāre at, or even what their strengths and weaknesses are. Thatās why itās important to define the type of product designer you areāone way to do so is by highlighting your own superpowers.
When we typically think of superpowers, the first thing that usually comes to mind is the mastery of a specific skill. Obviously this superpower should be highlighted, but donāt worry if youāre not there yet or if you canāt point to one skill thatās excellent.
What skills do you have that are above average? What work using those skills are you proud of? It could be something as simple as rough illustrations and storytelling. What missing skills or perspectives can you bring to a team? Whatās your unique point of view? What unique experience do you have based on your previous roles?
You are more than a collection of skills. When you start interviewing with employers, they also want to see who you are as a personāafter all, theyāll be with you and youāll be with them for eight-plus hours each workday. Now this might seem a bit like youāre revealing too much, or maybe youād rather be a chameleon and blend in with the environment to fit in. Donāt.
In addition to your skills, youāre hired for your opinionāyour views and your unique perspective that youāve been honing all your life. Of course, thereās a subtle art to showing your personality strategically, as you donāt want to go overboard by revealing everything all at once. Focus on things that are unique, relevant, and that people can relate to.
As part of my portfolio I would sometimes include photos of dishes I made in the past to tell a more compelling story of cooking and design:
Great! Now you have your superpowers and you have highlights of your personality. Next, put it together in an easy-to-consume narrative. If a stranger met you today, how would you introduce yourself? What impression do you want to leave behind?
By drafting a couple of versions of your statement, youāll get a better sense of the narrative you want to convey and will have a response at the ready when youāre responding to emails or hitting up networking events.
As with uncovering your superpowersādonāt be afraid to step away and ask for help. If you were to ask a friend or a co-worker, how would they describe you or pitch you? What would they say? Try this exercise with others or a group of friendsāyou might discover new qualities or some that youāve taken for granted that others find valuable in you.
Before diving into the portfolio, start with your resume or LinkedIn. When someone will be looking over your profile, theyāll want to understand your story and have the right context when looking through your work. A lot of these initial impressions are based on quick scans of your profile.
Where are you coming from?
What have you done in the past?
What impact were you able to deliver?
Portfolios are a prerequisite for a design role these days. Just like with design exercises, sometimes industry experts also bemoan this pointāwhat if the designer is too busy to make one? What if the portfolio is out of date? Itās rare to get an interview without a portfolio, and even if you might get to a phone screen, youāll still be expected to present your work during the final interview. But building a portfolio neednāt be a painful process.
You want to build two portfolios:
Your online portfolio. This may be private; youāll share it as part of your application. Your number one goal with this portfolio is to land the phone screen. It should pique your viewerās interest without revealing too much info (youāll talk about that during your on-site).
Your on-site portfolio. When you get to the final interview stage, youāll need to create another portfolio. This one will be less verbal and more visual. Youāll typically present one or two projects in depth and may have additional slides in an appendix to go over details. The goal of this portfolio is to make a winning impression and get an offer.
One of the common challenges that new designers face when putting together their portfolio for the first time is the lack of so-called real-world design projects. If youāve just completed a bootcamp or graduated from an undergrad or graduate program, you may not have a lot of working experience. By all means, if in your school projects you worked with a clientāa startup or a large companyābe sure to feature that work, including any internships that youāve done. But if you have none of these?
Hiring managers, especially those without a design background, sometimes donāt give as much weight to candidates who donāt have many real-world projects in their portfolio. Sometimes they see it as a risk to take on an entry-level candidate, thinking that theyāll have to spend a significant amount of time training and developing the employee.
āstoryāIn a recent interview, a founder mentioned to me how he was afraid of hiring junior designers: āYeah, weāll get them in, theyāll do exactly what theyāre told, and that will be a complete failure. What we need is people who can push back and tell us weāre wrong and come up with a better solution than we would have on our own.ā So donāt be afraid to showcase your process and frameworks that youāve used to push back on problems to come up with better solutions. As designers, redefining problems is our core competencyāno matter the seniority.
So if you find yourself in this situation, what can you do? Generally, you can take a couple of approaches, and my recommendation is to experiment with some of these while youāre still applying to your dream role.
The main goal of your online portfolio is to land the phone screen. It is not to be exhaustive in describing the rigor of your process (save that for the on-site!) but rather to start the initial conversation and continue the momentum from online, to phone screen, to an on-site interview.
Be choosy in what you show here and focus on curating the best representative image of your work. Because you will not present this portfolio, your portfolio must stand on its own when a recruiter or a hiring manager is looking through it.
A recruiterās job is to source qualified candidates and to present them to the hiring manager. Good recruiters understand the design process, have worked with other designers before, and know what a hiring manager needs. Since their job is to get many qualified leads in the pipeline, theyāll be scanning your portfolio and resume for signs of good work and process.
Before you begin your portfolio, it helps to have everything all in one place. Itās common industry advice to ābuild your portfolio before you need it.ā But letās face it, free time can be hard to come by, and spending it on building a portfolio doesnāt feel like itās time well spent. So my recommendation is to go an easier route and to develop the habit of capturing your work as it unfolds.
āimportantā To make portfolios, build the habit of capturing key screenshots or changes in your work throughout the process.
A portfolio project often tells a compelling story of design execution from beginning to end. Having artifacts of the experience will help you substantiate your story and provide the evidence you need to come across as an expert in your craft.
These days, portfolios can take on many different formats. In the past, designers would create a customer site with six thumbnails for each portfolio project. Now there are more options to choose from. Remember, the goal of your online portfolio is to get a phone interview. During that interview youāll do a light portfolio review with a hiring manager and the recruiter, so you want to show work that youāre proud of and thatās relevant to the job at hand.
Once youāre in the final rounds, youāll have to create a different portfolio thatās specifically tailored to the company and the presentation format. So donāt spend so much time on building your online portfolio that you donāt submit it anywhere.
| Type | Benefits | Watch out for | Learning Curve |
|---|---|---|---|
| Note-taking app (like Notion) | No technical knowledge to get started. | Navigation and organization of your case studies. Donāt get stuck writing a book that has no visuals to tell your story. | None. Youāll need to understand some basic mechanics of linking pages together, but itās a small time investment. |
| Deck (like Keynote, Figma, or Google Slides) | A deck helps you optimize for the right balance of content and visual while building interest. | By default, decks arenāt as accessible on smaller devices like phones. | Some learning curve, as you may need to know the ins and outs of deck design and the app to get a good handle on your presentation. |
| Site building app (like Webflow) | Fastest way to get started with ability to customize and make changes rapidly as you go. | Over-indexing on layout and site design while not having strong case study content. | Some learning curve, but not as difficult as learning front-end development from scratch. |
| Your own site | Ultimate freedom and control; you can structure your content however you see fit. | Debugging your portfolio. You may also get unfairly judged if your site is broken. | High learning curve if youāre starting out or if youāre brushing up on the latest CSS/HTML. |
Design portfolios can feel like never-ending work. Sometimes we avoid the effort altogether in favor of āresearch.ā We go online, we look at other designer portfolios, and maybe even get a little intimidated by some of the work out there. Can my portfolio be just as good?
Other times we dive right into design, skipping the important writing process altogether. Or we agonize about the content so much that we write a book, only to discover nobody wants to read it online.
A solid portfolio can be hard to pull off. Weāll take a look at what a hiring manager looks for in a portfolio and note how to avoid mistakes. Iāll use a deck format (via folioāa free portfolio template deck that Iāve created) to illustrate these examples, but rest assured you can adapt and use any portfolio format as long as it communicates these key ideas.
Youāll want to address these things in your portfolio:
If you really want to maximize your chances, prototype your portfolio before submitting. You only get one shot when it comes to making a first impression, so make it your best one.
Is there a dream job you have in mind? Print out the job description, then hand it to your friend and let them play the role of the hiring manager. As they go through your work, ask them to speak out loud. Seeing their gut reaction to your portfolio in person, as theyāre voicing what they see, is powerful.
If you have industry contacts, reach out to designers or design managers and get their feedback. Managers usually look at portfolios regularly, and designers, too, may sit on interviews, so they know what to expect.
As we talked about earlier, generally it helps to be very tailored and specific with your job search and your portfolio as well. But if youāve already done the work, if youāve created and organized your case studies, then you should also consider promoting your work in other places. Think about your online site as a landing hubāa place where you have fine control over what to show. Within this hub you have content about yourself, your curated work in the form of a portfolio, as well as any other side projects youāre working on that make you stand out.
Your online portfolio as a landing hub.
Whatās the one unfair secret way of getting your foot in the door when applying to jobs? Easy. Connect with people first. The best strategy is not to cast a wide net by applying everywhere but to be focused on the few opportunities where you can make an outsize impact. Your future employer appreciates this effort tooātheyād rather hire someone with the necessary skills, with a passion for the companyās mission, and who has done their homework over someone whoās just looking for whatever they can get.
When you are applying, your best bet is to use a variety of channels, from reaching out to alumni to promoting your portfolio in other channels. All of these will help you raise visibility and increase your chances. However, these tactics wonāt be as effective if you havenāt figured out the strategy firstāunderstanding how your skills fit with the types of jobs youāre looking for.
Broadly speaking you can apply to jobs in two ways: casting a wide net by applying to several dozen companies or targeting your search to companies and roles that fit your skills and needs best.
By casting a wide net you can reach out to several dozen companies in a short amount of time. Unfortunately, that means youāre right there in the sea of resumes and portfolios, with a lower chance of standing out. Youāll get some responses, but the rate will be in the low single digits.
Even if you do get a response, itās hard to tell if the role is a good fit for you. When youāre desperate, it might feel like anything that looks decent enough is a good fit, but it might not be the right opportunity for you, leading to frustration when you actually start working there.
One effective way to apply to jobs is through an employee referral. With a contact inside the company, you shortcut the tedious part of the process and your portfolio lands squarely right in front of the eyes of a recruiter or a hiring manager. How you ask for a referral makes all the difference.
The best referrals come from people youāve developed a strong relationship with by working together. Think of these folks as people in your tight-knit inner circle. These are the folks that not only can get you in the door but write a glowing review so that the interview completely flips. Instead of selling yourself, they work hard to get you in and sell the opportunity to you.
However, these are not the only referrals to act on. As a designer youāre uniquely positioned to interact with people cross-functionally. This means right out of the gate you have a broad and diverse network of folks that youāve worked with before, such as:
The best way to connect with a company is by reaching out directly. Whether itās identifying the hiring manager or the recruiter, you want to initiate the conversation and start there as opposed to submitting your portfolio online and hoping for the best.
Yes, this approach does take work and it wonāt be easy. You may need to ask around and reach out to a couple of folks before finally reaching the hiring manager, for instance. However, because itās not easy, most people wonāt take this route. So this is yet another way for you to differentiate yourself and reinforce the trait of taking action and being proactive.
If you know the hiring manager for the role, reach out to them directly with your application. If you donāt know the manager or whoās doing the recruiting, look them up. This will be harder for larger companies, but for startups or mid-size companies, usually you can poke around their site, LinkedIn, or AngelList to at least find the recruiter who posted the listing.
Recruiters come in all shapes and sizes. To simplify things, Iām going to focus on in-house and recruiting agency recruiters. This model is not unlike that for designers. In-house recruiters have a deep understanding of the company and are sometimes embedded on the teams theyāre hiring for (design or engineering, for example). Agency recruiters work with multiple companies and bring the advantage of breadthāpotentially placing you in a company thatās a great fit for your (and their) needs.
In-house recruiters are usually your first point of contact when it comes to getting the lowdown on the company, the team, and the job itself. A good recruiter will do their best to answer your questions and make sure youāre left with a good impression (even if you might not be the right fit just now). Use them as a resource to understand the role.
āimportantā Recruiters can be your best ally. Treat them well. Focus on high-quality recruitersāequip them to succeed and theyāll in turn help you.
If you went to college, you have an alumni network. Universities usually do an adequate job at keeping records on their alumniāafter all, who else are they going to call for more donations, though in my experience, they donāt do a good job of promoting these resources to the alumni themselves. Most of the time they do exist, so it just takes a bit of time to search for them on your alma materās website.
As an alum, youāve paid a ton of money to go to school, so make sure you get the most out of your investment.
Here are some resources your school might have:
Official local alumni events in your area, or see if you can find your local event organizers to potentially organize an event together.
Here are some low-effort online strategies to help you land the first interview. Using a blend of different methods, both offline and online, will help maximize your chances of landing the phone screen.
What if instead of applying to companies, the companies applied to you? Reverse job auction sites flip the traditional model of filling out the same form repeatedly for different companies. Instead you submit one candidate profile and companies bid on your profile over several rounds.
Although you wonāt find the giants like Facebook or Google here, the caliber of tech companies is high. Youāll get outreach from smaller startups and mid-size companies, as well as larger and more mature organizations like big consulting companies that are building up their design teams.
When youāve applied to jobs, thereās often a delay on the other side in getting back to you. The hiring manager may be busy, reviewing other applications, or gone on vacation. That said, when youāre looking for work while unemployed, every day counts. Believe it or not, you have more control over the situation. You can either continue applying to more places, or follow up with places youāve applied to.
Since we already covered various strategies for the former, weāll focus primarily on the latter halfāthe follow-up. A big part of getting the first (phone) interview is figuring out whatās happening on the other side. Did they get your application? Is the job still open?
You can get to an answer by proactively reaching out to the employer:
Send a personalized email. Reiterate your interest and let them know about your application.
Think of networking as another powerful tool in your job-searching arsenal. Aside from the short-term benefit of finding a job by networking, it opens up the possibilities of making mutually beneficial long-term connections that can last over the course of oneās career.
Events are great for exposing you to new ideas and people.
ānewā Since COVID, the rules of networking have shifted. More events take place remotely, so the opportunities for a casual chat before an event are going away. But in some way, itās also an opportunity to connect with the person youāre interested in talking with after the event is over. Reaching out to them via email or a LinkedIn invite and letting them know that youāve both attended an event recently can help you establish common ground in addition to the topic.
In 2020 the biggest design conferences and events primarily took place online. Adobe Max streamed hundreds of sessions across the globe from the US, Europe and Asia. Who knows, remote-only conferences might be the future.
You might not feel like going out there because youāre not an extrovert and prefer not to be the life of the party. Thatās OK. Itās a common myth about networking that you need to get out there, shake hands, and hand out business cards left and right while jumping from one person to the next.
When I first started going to design events I usually froze, latched onto the first person that I met, and kept talking to them as if they were my lifeline. But over time, by attending many events, networking has become more natural. Today, I still enjoy spending my time alone, but going out is no longer a fear-inducing activityāitās fun to meet new folks and find ways to give back.
At its core, networking is about finding mutually beneficial ways to help each other. If youāre new to it, here are some things you can do. If youāve gone to events before, feel free to skip.
Donāt be afraid to be the first one to strike up a conversation. You can start by asking what brought them to the event? What are they hoping to learn? Have they attended similar events?
If there arenāt many events in your part of town, see if you can attend a conference that brings design professionals together, ideally for a couple of days so that you can make a couple of high-quality connections. Thereās no shortage of conference lists these days and, with talks now going remotely, attending is easier than beforeāno need to figure out the logistics of scheduling flights, hotels, and transportation to the venue.
Before going, it helps to familiarize yourself with the conference itself. Whatās the theme? Who are the organizers? Have they done this conference before, and how were those (you can usually find reviews online). Next, look at whoās going to be speaking and what their credentials are. Based on this info, start comparing conferences and earmarking the ones that look good.
āimportantā Aside from looking at the speakers and companies that are attending, take a close look at the schedule. One major thing to watch for are the breaks between presentations. The magic happens between, not during, the talks. More breaks equal more opportunities to connect. Is this conference packed back to back with little time to spare, or is there enough time for breaks between talks? Are there also dedicated food breaksālunch, extended coffee, and treats?
Depending on where you live, the cadence of events varies. Itās usually easier to find them in larger cities. When I used to work in a suburban area, I would drive an hour to Boston just to attend some of the events there and stay close to the community. Here are a couple of things to consider when evaluating where to go.
One way to choose events is based on a topic or theme. Over the years Iāve been passionate about healthcare and design and have attended multiple events in that space, from hackathons, to quantified self meetups, to design events with a focus on healthcare. Attending these types of meetups is a great way to meet people in the broader industry and especially good if you want to focus your career on a specific vertical.
Where can you find events? Start by searching for ādesignā on Eventbrite, Meetup, or even Facebook Local. Itās as simple as that.
Here are a couple of well-known organizations that are good to check out:
In addition to the more prominent orgs such as the ones above, you can also search for local chapters or local orgs. Usually these have more clout and can better connect you to the local community. Iāll list the ones that I know of in San Francisco, but even if the same ones donāt exist in your city, itās possible your local organizations follow a similar format. If not, thatās something you could pitch to them (for example, organizing a portfolio review event or a mentor night).
Aside from talks, mentoring and portfolio events provide opportunities to connect with people and companies youāre interested in and improve your skill at showing the work itself.
Andi Galpern organizes the Cascade SF events. In addition to design talks, she hosts mentor nights where attendees get to show their portfolio (or ask for career advice) with up to four mentors. Iāve been mentored there and provided mentorship and canāt recommend this format enough.
Julie Stanescu runs Rethink, which hosts informative events (you can also find recorded talks online) and they pack a big crowd. Interestingly enough, Julie started Rethink when she first moved to San Francisco as a way to build a forum for design discussion and connect with great designers here. So if you find yourself in a place that has no design communities, consider bootstrapping one yourself.
There are many others! Once you go to an event you can ask the attendees where else they like to go. Donāt limit your events to product design though. Here are some good ones that Iāve attended in the past and found useful:
Products That Count. Founded by SC Moatti, in-depth events with presentations from PMs, VCs, and other big movers and shakers in industry.
Product School. Hosts informative events from speakers of top-tier tech companies in addition to doing PM training.
So if a product management or an interesting engineering talk comes around, consider going. Not only will you learn something new but youāll have more opportunity to connect with folks who are potentially looking for design talent, and you wonāt be competing against other designers at the event.
With most events going remote this year, the opportunity to connect and attend an event is becoming easier and easier. Hereās how you can find some good ones:
Search for design on EventBrite, Facebook Local, and Meetup. Whatās coming up?
Sign up for one event youāll attend this month and go there. Post on your LinkedIn that youāll be attending that event and youāre looking forward to meeting folks there.
Look for conferences. Make it a point to find one or two great conferences this year and attend. If money is an issue, reach out to the organizers and ask to help out.
Here are three books that I think are a must-read:
How to Win Friends and Influence People, by Dale Carnegie. The classic in the field, still just as relevant today.
Never Eat Alone, by Keith Ferazzi. Although it has mixed reviews, Keith does a great job of providing tips and frameworks you can use to meet people. At the heart of it is the genuine message that weāre better off connecting and sharing resources than hoarding away our contacts.
Networking for People Who Hate Networking, by Devora Zack. For those shy persons jumping into their first event, this is a great step-by-step guide. The book leads you through a series of exercises to make networking fun and enjoyable, especially for those of us who would actually prefer to spend our time (and eat) alone.
In this chapter weāll dive into the various interview types that you might encounter. During the interview cycle youāll be talking primarily with a recruiter and a hiring manager. For the final interview youāll interact extensively with the cross-functional teamāengineers, researchers, data scientists, product managers, and so on.
The same tips in the previous sections apply here as well. You want to know the role requirements well enough so that you can clearly sell the team on your candidacy. In the case of behavioral interviews this means thinking about the specific situations that can speak well to the desired requirements.
By knowing what to expect you can practice and prepare ahead of time. This will make your responses sound natural and youāll be able to focus more on the interviewerās questions and understand what theyāre ultimately trying to ask.
Lastly, itās likely that during this process you might encounter design exercises, such as the take-home design exercise, the whiteboard challenge, or the app critique. Since design exercises are a special type of interview, Iāve outlined them in a following chapter with a few sample solutions and practice prompts to help you get better at these types of interviews.
Your first interview will start with a voice call where youāll typically speak with a recruiter. This interview is usually preceded by an emailāsometimes multiple emails from recruiters trying to get your attention. To be successful at this interview type, you should do your homework ahead of time, prepare your pitch, and be able to tell a compelling story demonstrating value so that you can advance to the next stage of the interview.
Design phone screens are usually short, about 15ā30 minutes interviewing with one person. They give you an opportunity to present yourself, your work, and your interest in the company.
If this is your first phone conversation with the company, a recruiter will usually reach out. Theyāll talk about the role, ask some questions, and will try to gauge your interest. Aside from screening, they also want to leave you excited about the opportunity. Take advantage of that by treating the recruiter as an ally in the interview process.
āimportantā Your 30-second intro should be punchy, specific, and short.
A call with the hiring manager is usually next. On occasion I also had these calls with peer designers. Either way, since both parties have domain expertise, theyāll dig deeper on your design process and case studies.
Before the call, review what you already have about the company, the role, and the person youāll be talking to. Have your list of answers (based on anticipated questions) and your list of questions printed so you can take notes without getting distracted by typing noise.
It goes without saying that you should be in a quiet room with strong cell phone reception. You might even consider getting a phone number from Google as a backup, but in that case make sure you have a strong wifi connection.
As the conversation wraps up, youāll usually have a few minutes for questions. Your questions should be tailored to the person whoās interviewing you and the role itself. Focus on a few specific questions to open up the conversation and follow the thread from there. You can think of this as doing user research. What important questions should you ask first? Whatās a deal breaker? What are some nice-to-haves to follow up with?
This interview usually follows a few days after the recruiter screening call. Generally youāll talk to a hiring manager, or occasionally another designer may field this call.
Similarly to the screening call, this interview should last about 15ā30 minutes. By this time the recruiter should have relayed some of the information to the hiring manager so theyāre on the same page. But you should still expect to introduce yourself and have your pitch ready, in addition to mentioning why youāre excited about this particular opportunity.
The interviewer is interested to see if you have a specific process when approaching problems. What framework do you use? Is your approach rigid or flexible based on the context at hand? Are you able to bend and break the process while focusing on outcomes?
The final interview is a big step in the process. Congrats on making it this far! This is an opportunity for you to arrive with confidence, be prepared for the unexpected, and, finally, leave your interviewers excited to work with you.
ānewā Since COVID expanded remote work, the traditional on-site or final interview is often now conducted remotely. While the format is changed, many of the steps are similar. Itās important to prepare and to test out your remote interviewing setup ahead of time.
So whatās next? By now you should have received an email from the company with an interviewing schedule to help you prepare for the big day. If you havenāt received the schedule, nowās a great time to ask for it. This is a good way to communicate initiative while also properly preparing ahead of time.
| Time | Interview type | Present |
|---|---|---|
| 1 hour | Portfolio presentation | Cross-functional team and designers |
| 45 minutes | Whiteboard exercise | 1ā2 designers |
| 30 minutes | App critique | 1ā2 designers |
| 30 minutes | Product collaboration | Product manager |
| 30 minutes | Design collaboration | Designer |
| 30 minutes | Engineering collaboration | Engineering manager or engineer |
| 30 minutes | Team fit | Hiring manager |
| 30 minutes | Wrap up | Recruiter |
After learning the schedule, nowās the opportunity to learn more about your interviewersāif this company has already invested time in getting to know you, itās only fair that you should get to know them too. Start with LinkedIn and look at each interviewerās profile: their experience, common connections, and recent posts. Look for their other online social networks or sites where they were mentioned or shared their work. If youāre applying to a startup or a smaller company, be sure to research the leadership team too.
This info will be useful during the interview itself, as it will help you:
Anticipate types of questions youāll get asked.
Address potential concerns relevant to portfolio pieces.
My deliverable at this stage is an on-site packet composed of:
Summary page. This has the name of the company, schedule, street address, and point person for the interview and their phone number, in case I need to call when I arrive or get lost.
Pages for each interviewing event. Covers any interesting facts and questions I want to follow up with for each person.
Extra pages. Just in case, for note-taking during interviews.
For your on-site, itās important to have the basics covered. That means eating well a few hours before and getting proper rest. Think of this as a test. You have the knowledge and skills, now itās important to demonstrate your major skills and accomplishments in one go.
If this is a full or a half day of interviews, it will probably be demanding, so be sure to bring your:
laptop (even if youāre presenting on an iPad, have it as a backup) with a charger
As part of your final interview youāll be asked to present your portfolio. Out of all interviews, this one is priority number one. See this as an opportunity to show the great work that youāve done, reinforcing the fact that you can do it and more again.
āimportantā The in-person portfolio is different from your online portfolio, which the interviewers have already seen. This is an opportunity to feature one to three best projects and go in-depth on how youāve achieved and exceeded objectives given the constraints.
Hereās how you can create a gripping narrative that gets your interviewers excited to work with you.
Your portfolio presentation will be evaluated from multiple angles. The criteria here are broader than the design exercise since youāll be showing work youāve done as part of a team. Your interviewers will be interested in seeing the following:
Problem scope. How complex were the problems you were addressing? This in part determines your seniorityādid you lead multiple projects in parallel, with ambiguous goals, across various channels?
Collaboration. How did you work with your team? What conflict did you encounter and how was it resolved? Were you able to inspire and bring out the best in your teammates?
Adaptability. What approaches did you try? What failed and how did you iterate on the process to keep things moving?
A variety of folks will see your presentation, each with a different focus:
Design manager. Craft skills, quality, process, and style.
Product manager. Prioritization, business outcomes, impact.
Engineering. Productive collaboration with engineering.
The number one person youāre building this deck for is yourself. Youāll want to create a modular portfolio that you can remix at a momentās notice if youāre called in for an interview with another company. To help you get there, I recommend you start an assessment of your recent work.
What were your recent projects that you consider to be your best work that show a variety of skills? Highlight projects that played to your unique identity as a designerāyour combination of skills, point of view, and process that led to a result no other designer could have achieved.
One way to put together a project stack is to evaluate each project individually on your craft skills, such as user research, interaction design, visual design, and affected platforms.
To make an impactful presentation, turn it into a story. Youāre the hero of your own script. What trials on your path gave way to triumphs? Letās break this down into three parts: presentation, project, and process.
The majority of your presentation will be spent on process, but donāt skip context.
Amplify your message and engage your audience. Your speech will be part script, part improv. Here weāll cover presentation basics from where to sit to how to end on a high note. These days many companies are shifting in-person portfolios to online conference calls. While the context is different, many of the same tips still apply.
Think about the last time you went out to a restaurant. What did you order? Where did you eat? If it was a high-end restaurantāthe light (or the lack thereof), the ambience, the music, and the way your dish was presented all played into a delectable experience at first bite.
Now think of the time you got a similar dish for takeout. Most likely it came in cheap, disposable packaging. The food might have come in different packets that you had to mix yourself. Same basic ingredientsācompletely different experience. The way you frame your presentation is the difference between fast food and fine dining.
Aside from getting the following basics covered, remember, this is your time to shine, not shy away. Carry a leadership mindset with an executive presence to your on-site interview. The goal is to tell your story, show the work, and connect with your audience.
Practicing ahead of time by yourself or with your friends will make a big difference. If you really want to get into it, I recommend joining a local public speaking group or taking an improv class. Both will give you structure and frameworks for scripted or spontaneous scenarios.
Hopefully before you start your presentation, youāll have time to set up your laptop and project on screen. But if you walk into a room full of expecting looks, fear not, nowās the time to say hello and ask questions about how to get your laptop to project with whatever setup they have. This usually takes a while, so get ready to troubleshoot.
Since COVID has made remote interviews common, it helps to set up your space in advance and to get familiar with the conferencing software.
Depending on how your home setup works, you may have one or two extra monitors in addition to your laptop. Usually the laptop will have a camera but the displays will not. Since youāll want to face your interviewers, my recommendation is to project your presentation on your display in front of you, while having your presentation notes (if youāre presenting in a note-style format) in front of you on the laptop.
Now that you have all the technical hurdles behind you, itās time to dive in. One way to kick off is to let the people in the room introduce themselves first. This allows for a nice segue into your own intro via the presentation deck.
Your intro is your unique frame of your identity as a designer. Use this opportunity to weave a story about your education, background, interests, and your unique perspective, ending with why youāre excited to be interviewing with the company today.
As an interviewer evaluating a candidateāthis intro is critical. You want to confidently communicate your story to send a clear signal to interviewers that youāre deliberate and intentional in your career path. Donāt shy away from revealing relevant hobbies; this is an opportunity for you to come across as a whole person, not just as a designer who consumes coffee and produces pixels. As an interviewer I want to know what makes you tick, what are your strong areas, and what aspects of design excite you the most.
As I mentioned, if youāre really interested in getting better at presenting, I recommend taking a public speaking workshop. Many years ago I signed up with Toastmasters, a public speaking club that would meet weekly. The basic course alone was inexpensive and provided a good step-by-step foundation to practice various speech techniques in a safe space.
When youāre heads down, operating on your presentation, itās hard to step back and do a practice run. I get it. But I do hope that this will encourage you to think hard about how you frame your message, not just what you choose to present. Ultimately, a combination of strong content and engaging presentation will lead to a memorable experience in the eyes of your audience that will separate you from other designers.
āimportantā If you give speeches regularly (and most folks donāt) then you can get away with less practice. But if you donāt and are feeling rusty, a general rule of thumb is to spend about ten times as much time practicing a speech as giving it. Now this might seem like a lotāa one-hour presentation would equate to ten hours. But if youāre presenting your portfolio to multiple companies and youāre interviewing in several places, this number becomes much more reasonable.
Behavioral interviews usually follow soon after your design presentation and the various design exercises. Iāll break this interview format down by function: outside of design, youāll learn how to build rapport with product management, engineering, and research. Youāll want to build rapport and get people excited to work with you. Iāll also share best practices with stories of success and failures along the way.
The goal of cross-functional interviews is to get a 360-degree view of how you approach your work and collaborate with others. Typically these will be one-on-one interviews about 30 minutes each or one-hour pair interviews.
If youāre applying for an in-house role (either at a startup or a large company), youāll talk with cross-functional peers in product and engineering. You might also have a researcher or a data scientist sit in. For agency roles, youāll be primarily speaking with designers.
The best way to prepare for your final interview is by actively working with your recruiter. Find out what to expect, the schedule, and the people youāll be speaking with. Lastly, many companies are starting to do behavioral interviews over the phone or a video conference. While the format is different, many of the same principles apply.
āimportantā When youāre presenting your portfolio, you usually get into the details of the situation and provide specific examples because no projects are alike. Same with behavioral interviewsāget specific and answer the question succinctly. Aim to respond to the question in about two to three minutes. Hypothetical responses that err on how one should or in theory might do things arenāt good responses as they donāt give the interviewer a clear signal of how you actually handled things in the past.
Usually, right after your portfolio presentation youāll be slated for a peer design interview. If thatās the case, expect some detailed follow-up questions on your work. Theyāll also dig into:
Your past experience. Anything that was mentioned in your portfolio, resume, LinkedIn, and so on.
Design collaboration. How you work with other designers.
Your working style. Preferences in process and your approach to work.
Most of the time the hiring manager for a design role will come from a design background, but in smaller startups they might be an engineer or a PM looking to establish a design team. Depending on who you get, the questions will vary slightly but the objectives are similar.
Usually youāll talk to them at the endāby this time the other interviewers have submitted feedback or flagged additional things to probe on. In addition to these, the hiring manager will try to assess your:
Professionalism. How you carry yourself and how you come across.
Career aspirations. Where do you expect to be in the next few years.
After interviewing with the designers, youāll talk with your cross-functional peers: product managers, engineers, and researchers. The primary goal of these interviews is to understand how well you work with others and measure your level of empathy and consideration of others.
In many cross-functional teams, youāll work with the PM closely on a daily basis. Theyāll want to know:
How youāve worked with PMs and any conflicts youāve encountered.
Even when you have your answers prepared, your delivery still matters. Here are a few best practices to consider.
Many behavioral interviews will ask you about a situation in the past to assess how you handled it. Itās not unlike the methods we use in user research. We donāt ask participants to predict what theyāll do in the futureāwe ask them what they actually did. In an interview setting, youāll also have to get specific and use your storytelling skills to give an example and provide concrete learnings.
As an example, hereās how the structure might look like when youāre asked āTell me about a time when your design failedā:
If youāre applying to a large company, itās highly likely that some of those questions have already been documented somewhere. These questions may not be as easy to find for smaller startups but it helps to look around. You should consider using resources such as LinkedIn and Glassdoor. Note, these questions will change so donāt expect the exact question in your interview, instead treat these questions as practice.
Design exercises are one of the most controversial interview types and are not without fault. Itās not uncommon for many designers to bemoan them, and with good reason. These interviews sometimes inadvertently screen high-quality candidates out. After all, not everyone can dedicate hours outside of work on a take-home design exercise. Sometimes the criteria for success can be confusing for interview candidates, and this is often exacerbated by the people who are conducting the interview when they donāt have a clear idea of what theyāre looking for.
So why do companies do them?
The short of it is that design has become a competitive landscape with many candidates applying for design jobs. A portfolio, the strongest indicator of oneās skill as a designer, sometimes doesnāt tell the full story. Usually most design projects are team projects, so it can be hard to tell who did which part. So when you are presenting your portfolio, be sure to reinforce the role that youāve played and the specific work that youāve done.
For certain companiesāthose who cannot afford a design manager or who may just need a strong individual contributor from the outsetāthey may not know exactly what to look for. They frequently see designers as having nontransferable skills between industries; for example, if you worked in design for enterprise products, you may not flourish at a fast-paced startup. These are just some of the common misconceptions that you may encounter at a company that has a low design maturity.
As I mentioned previously, design exercises are not without fault, and as a candidate you always have a choice whether or not to accept one. Sometimes companies allow you to swap one design exercise for anotherāfor example, instead of the take-home exercise, doing a whiteboard challenge.
Or you can choose to forego the design exercise altogether and end the interviewāsometimes this is an option if youāre interviewing at other places and this one isnāt worth your time, and theyāre not budging on pushing back the timeline.
ācautionā Beware of companies that try to get free work out of you via a design exercise. The design exercise should be different from their business and the deliverable shouldnāt be a fully coded concept that can be implemented. That said, the companies who have challenges that are similar to their business arenāt necessarily trying to get free work out of you. Sometimes they donāt know how to evaluate designers and therefore they create a challenge similar to their business because theyāre the domain experts.
At the end of the day if you have concerns or suggestionsāthese are all great points to bring up with you recruiter. Try to better understand why the company is doing a take home exercise and what theyāre trying to achieve. Some companies are also starting to compensate their candidates for the design challenge thus making this interview type a little more palatable.
Typically, candidates are given a few days to a week to complete the take-home assignment. Usually recruiters warn candidates not to spend more than āa few hours on it,ā but in reality many candidates spend a fairly significant amount of time. After all, if you really want to differentiate yourself, you have to put in the work.
So youāve got a design exercise on your hands and the clock is ticking. To make sure your solution is adequate, youāll need to make sure you understand the evaluation criteria. Every company will vary, but typically they look for:
Process. How you approach and solve ambiguous problems.
Craft. Strong interaction design and visual design work delivered in a short amount of time.
There are no shortcuts, but you can increase your chances by:
Practicing. If youāve never done a design exercise, practice by finding a problem youāre interested in. Give yourself a deadline, write a prompt, do it in the allotted time, and give yourself an objective evaluation.
Understanding context and questions. Get to know the constraints and how your work will be evaluated.
Going above and beyond. After understanding the baseline requirements, see how you can exceed expectations. As Paul Graham says, āThe best protection is always working on hard problems.ā
OK, you have your design exercise prompt. What should you do first? Since this is a high-stakes project, itās important to get context up-front to save time by executing in the right direction.
What are they looking for? Is this a mobile app, a sitemap, a research brief, or a desktop app? Are they looking for you to show your skills in interaction design, information architecture, research, visual design? This should be clear from the prompt.
āimportantā When youāre working through a design exercise, know when to take shortcuts and know when to go bespoke. Creating every asset from scratch may take a long time and may not be necessary.
Here is a sample design exercise solution that I completed a few years ago. This presentation (as well as the rest of the interview) helped not only secure my offer but led to a higher design level than I anticipated and a higher salary as well. The prompt asked to design a car dashboard for an autonomous vehicle. For this exercise I didnāt have that much time (about five days) so I had to skip my usual approach of asking many questions up-front and started working right away.
As is usual with any design briefs, I began by reframing the problem. Instead of ādesigning a car dashboard,ā I wanted to think about the experience broadlyāfrom the carās interior to its exterior and how the car can be part of a larger ecosystem. I sketched a few different directions before settling on one, which I fully fleshed out, and lastly, I sneaked in a surprise at the end of my presentation.
To start this exercise, while riding the train to my next interview, I began typing some thoughts on my phone in the notes app on how to approach the task. The train itself was an inspirationācould public transit be the answer? I pursued the mass transit idea further by looking into Emirates airlines and other luxury transit services, including the new luxury Japanese train. The luxurious interiors looked nice, but what about everyday mass commuters? What are their existing activities and habits when taking the train to work?
I didnāt have time to set up a proper study, so I relied on three 12-minute interviews with friends and asked them about their experience with riding trains, buses, ferries, and so on. From searching online and from the conversations, I identified four major categories of activities on mass transit: productivity, relaxation, social, and health.
When youāre going deep on the design exercise, it helps to periodically step back and remind yourself about the problem youāre trying to solve. In my case the prompt was asking for an in-car UI design for a self-driving car. I decided to take a slightly different approach because many car manufacturers have been addressing this problem for decades. Redesigning the car display would be optimizing for local maxima prematurely.
Manufacturers have spent their attention on the interior display taking eyes away from the road.
With problem discovery done, I did some rough explorations via storyboard sketches showing how a car interior could transform to a suitable activity from an interactive gym inside a car, to a productivity station, to an experience that connects two strangers by showing activities and people they have in common.
Bringing people together based on shared connections and activities.
To make the concept come to life, I wrote a story about a fictitious solo business traveler, Sarah, who has a few hours to kill in the evening in San Francisco by doing a tour of the city. The solution is an assistant in an autonomous car that understands Sarah and anticipates her needs. It also has a bit of snark to its personality, something Sarah appreciates.
Meet Sarah.
Here are a couple of highlights from the narrative that Iāve put together. Her journey starts on her phone near the place sheās staying.
The journey starts on the phoneā¦
The final presentation came down to 40+ slides in four chapters:
Technology trends. In AR, VUI, and automotive, showing how thereās potential for customer value but also danger in going overboard.
Research synthesis. Show already-existing behaviors of people in relation to semi-autonomous and autonomous vehicles.
Contextual scenarios. Show storyboards highlighting divergent exploration, ultimately converging on the final segment of the presentation.
The on-site presentation of this exercise was my third to last interview. I lucked out on the presentation space, as Sarahās story came to life on a beautiful large display. The box and the rough sketches surprised and delighted the interviewers, as they had never seen anything like it.
This is one way to solve a design exercise but not the only way. I do hope that by showing some of my process behind the work and the deliverables, you can see how Iāve followed (or ignored) the design exercise principles (theyāre not set in stone) based on the situation at hand.
The design exercise is an opportunity to leave your personal mark on the work. Take it and have fun with it. Find out what the evaluation criteria will be and use your unique perspective, experience, and knowledge to stand out.
Coming up with a new design proposal from nothing can be a lot of work. Usually, when youāre joining a company you have frameworks already set up for you, be they design systems, brand assets, or just existing processes that can help you stand up a new concept quickly.
āimportantā When you are using outside resources for your design exercise be sure to properly attribute and credit the work.
Many of the assets that Iāve used for design exercises (including this one) came from popular, free-shared libraries. Here are some I recommend for the raw materials for your design exercise.
Photography
The app critique is one of the easier interviews youāll encounter when interviewing for a product design role. Unlike the take-home design exercise or the whiteboard interview, you donāt have to create something from scratch.
Unlike a critique of an app that youāre designing, youāre not encumbered by any internal constraints (tech, business, and so on), giving you an immense amount of freedom. The challenge then lies in how to come up with reasonable constraints to help you navigate the critique.
āimportantā As youāre facilitating the app critique, ask yourselfācan I work with this team if I was hired? Do they seem like people I can bounce ideas off freely?
Weāll cover different techniques that you can mix and match to come up with evaluation criteria for your app.
App critiques usually last 30ā45 minutes. Typically, youāll interview with one or two designers. Either youāll be asked to bring an app for critique (based on interviewer criteria) or the interviewers will pick one for you.
Your interviewers will assess you on:
Collaboration. How receptive are you to feedback? How do you react to different opinions? How effectively can you facilitate the critique?
Craft. How well can you reverse engineer an app, breaking it down to its first principles?
Before diving into the app critique, itās important to understand how the critique will be carried out. Your interviewers might give you a general prompt like ācritique app Xā or get specific: āhow can app X maximize revenue from its existing customer base?ā
In either case, start with high-level objectives:
Context. If youāre bringing in an app yourself, let the interviewers know why youāve selected it. If an app has been picked for you, you can set the context based on what you know about it.
Goals. If the prompt is open ended, narrow the scope by establishing goals. Whatās the business objective? What is the user trying to achieve? What are we trying to get at in the next 20 minutes?
Now the fun part. Here are six frameworks to help you examine the app:
Jobs to be done. Uncovering the core objective.
Personas. Goals, motivations, scenarios.
User familiarity. New users, intermediate users, and experts.
From my time as an interviewer, Iāve seen a couple of mistakes that designers make when doing critiques for interviews.
Stopping at aesthetics. Sometimes itās tempting to dive right in and point out all the things that look off on the UI. Donāt get stuck on aesthetics. None of that will matter if the app doesnāt help the user achieve its core goal in the first place. Establish your first principles based on the frameworks above and work forward.
Stuck on one approach. If you have an app that youāve already picked yourself, then youāve already come prepared with how youāre going to critique it. But be ready to adapt your approach and consider different methods when prompted. Doing so also allows you to show off other tools at your disposal, and handling ambiguity is a sign of maturity as a designer.
All praise, no substance. Iāve encountered situations where instead of critiquing, the designer lavishes praise on the app. As an interviewer, this tells me that you canāt reflect critically on the work and you assume that whateverās been launched is best.
Like any activity, youāll get better at critique with practice. To make the most of your practice, I recommend critiquing an app with a group, isolating your weaknesses, and comparing and contrasting similar apps.
Practice critique with a partner or two. Get a group of designers who have different strengths and feel free to include other disciplines, such as engineering. Practicing together with a diverse group will widen your perspective significantly, compared to practicing alone.
If youāre interested in growing your critique skills, here are some handpicked resources to help improve:
Personas vs. Jobs-to-Be-Done, by NN/g. A short read on how to use both methods effectively.
Discussing Design, by Adam Connor and Aaron Irizarry. A book on the mechanics and the nitty-gritty of critique facilitation.
How to Make Sense of Any Mes, by Abby Covert. A short book that arms you with basic information architecture tools and techniques.
In this example, weāll go through Yelpās iOS app, evaluating the app in a couple of ways. Weāll make our first impressions by examining the home page, and then get a sense of its structure by navigating to different pages. Weāll look into personalization and go through one of the core flows by looking for a nearby restaurant.
Weāll evaluate the app based on its visual and interaction design. Weāll also consider strategy, also known as āproduct thinkingā or ābusiness acumen,ā to understand the why behind the UI decisions. Although itās not our primary concern, weāll also pay attention to copy and messaging.
You can tell a lot about the app based on its presentation. The visual aspect of design hits us quickly. Based on this first impression, we decide if we want to stick around or go elsewhere. At this stage, we get an idea of the feeling the app is trying to communicate to usāis it serious or playful, trustworthy, or suspicious? These are just some of the questions that go through our heads in a split second.
As designers, our job is to build an experience consistent and in tune with the impression that the business is trying to communicate. As a result, during the critique, we should be on the lookout when a design reinforces or contradicts this consistency.
We took some time to familiarize ourselves with Yelp overall and got some interesting data points from the landing page. Now letās look around. What else can we do? Going through an appās navigation will help us get a better sense of the content and how itās structured.
Delivery. Since most restaurants are either closed or operating at minimum capacity, itās no surprise that delivery is made prominent as an item in the Tab Bar. One interesting visual element youāll notice going through the app is that the icons here use a different style than Home and Search. I suspect these styles are probably an evolution of Yelpās visual language. The carousel on the top implies there are about 20 restaurant categories available, though arguably, it can be visually simplified by removing the carousel dots at the bottom.
Weāve now done a surface dive on Yelp. Primarily focusing on Search, briefly popping to the App Store and then returning back and exploring the app via the tab bar navigation.
Next up, Iām curious about how Yelp is trying to improve its recommendations via personalization. As previously mentioned, getting personalization right can be useful for a business as relevant content leads to higher engagement and user retention. However itās how apps implement personalization that makes all the difference.
Now, letās take a look at one of the Yelp appās core flows. Imagine I, the user, am looking for a takeout option in a new part of town.
One way to quickly find a restaurant is to make sure Iām only looking at places that have a takeout option (1). Tapping on Takeout on the Home page brings up the split map/list view (2). This view gives me primarily two paths to take: the map or the list. I donāt want to go far, so while the default radius of the map is useful to see all the options, I need something closer.
In this critique, we walked through a common framework to evaluate an application based on its visual design, interaction design, and product strategy. We also tangentially covered motion design and considered copy.
āimportantā Remember, depending on the company and the role youāre applying for, you may want to emphasize certain aspects of a critique over others.
This is just one way of running a crit. Based on how you approach this exercise, you may come up with an entirely different flow and evaluation. Whatās important is to have a rigorous framework in the first place to evaluate the app against.
āstoryāItās 1 p.m. Iām nervously standing by the whiteboard fidgeting with a marker. Iām only five minutes into the whiteboard interview but it feels like an hour has passed. What was the prompt again? Iām sweating. Is there air conditioning or do they blast heat on purpose? Anyway, I draw a persona and start making flows. Whoops, 40 minutes later I find out itās the wrong persona, wrong flow, and Iām a hot mess.
Since that one awkward time, Iāve done many whiteboard interviews and had the opportunity to interview new and seasoned designers using the whiteboard challenge. Iāve seen some common mistakes but also best practices emerge from those interviews. While this interview is different from your everyday whiteboard sketch, it doesnāt have to be an enigma. Hereās a systematic approach to take on the challenge, avoid common mistakes, and prepare effectively.
Whiteboard interviews typically range from 30 minutes to one hour. Usually youāll be interviewed by one or two designers. Similar to the take-home exercise, the whiteboard design challenge is meant to evaluate your skills in a short amount of time with a focus on interaction design and collaboration.
Your interviewers will assess you on:
Problem definition. How well can you explore the problem space and identify big problems to go after?
Solution finding and idea generation. How quickly can you explore multiple creative options without being married to any one idea and identify the best one to develop further?
Since whiteboards are an artificial challenge, it will be up to the interviewer to properly set you up. As the candidate, youāll be driving the interview. However, since prompts vary and companies have different expectations, clarify expectations with interviewers up-front:
What outcomes do they expect to see?
How do they want to be engaged?
What role will they play in the process: are they designers, product managers, engineering peers, users of the product, stakeholders, researchers, or someone else?
Once you have an understanding of the interaction model, the process itself can unfold as predictably as the traditional double diamond design model thatās so often taught in school. Since youāll be pressed for time, youāll need to make the call on what steps to accelerate, where to skip, and where to dive into the details.
The double diamond design model. Source: Dan Nessler
Just like when youāre presenting your portfolio, you also want to position yourself in a good spot for a whiteboard. This means having enough space for you to write while having your interviewers clearly see what youāre doing. You should also keep track of time, ideally with a timer on your watch.
The surface area of your whiteboard should be proportional to the amount of time youāll spend on it.
Even with great time management, there are usually more problems and more solutions to explore, so itās very likely that youāll run out of time. If youāve been tracking time yourself, pause ten minutes before the end of the interview to take a pulse checkāwhat do the interviewers want to see next? Do they want you to proceed further, or is this a good place to stop?
If you are at a stopping point or if youāve actually ācompletedā the whiteboard challenge with time to spare (congrats, a rare feat!) take a moment to summarize and mention how you might have approached the process differently. Balance this self-reflection with time for additional questions that you might want to ask your interviewers.
As an interviewer, Iām also reflecting on our time. Could we work well together? How well did you respond to my feedback? Was your approach different from mine? Can you help me overcome my gaps? Have I learned something new here?
When interviewing designers, I see many common mistakes made repeatedly. It doesnāt matter if the designer is fresh out of school, mid-level, or senior. Here are a couple of issues that stand out and can be easily fixed.
As part of the product design interview, it is important that you establish a strong foundation thatās predicated on context and the problem. But you can also go overboard with this and run out of time, so you donāt get to any solutions or you take a very superficial pass at the solution phase.
This is a problem of time management. Context setting and problem definition should take less than half of the interview time. For example, in a one-hour session with 15 minutes for questions, roughly 10 minutes should be used for understanding context, about 10 minutes for problem exploration and definition, and most of your time (about 25+ minutes) on sketching and iterating through solutions.
Once youāve mastered the basics, itās time to think about what can take your whiteboard execution from good to great.
A good whiteboard execution hits on many of the things we have already talked aboutāproper framing, generating solutions, and collaboration.
Youāve taken the time to understand the problem by looking at it through multiple lenses from the business, user, and engineering side. Youāve defined a specific audience or persona to design this solution for. Youāve pushed back on the initial statement by reframing it, perhaps making it broader or more specific or by discovering a new problem altogether. The interviewers agreed this was the way to go.
The best way to get better at whiteboards is through practice. Baseline yourself initially to gauge your progress. If you havenāt done any whiteboarding, grab a marker and start sketching. Donāt worry about perfection, just get familiar initially.
The prompts vary depending on the company and the space theyāre in. Some exercises range from pragmatic to design fiction. Interviewer guides usually include the prompt, variations, and questions interviewers might ask, plus grading criteria. As an interviewee, youāll be presented with the prompt up-front and then be asked to walk the interviewer through the process. Here are a couple of starter prompts to experiment with:
Prompt. Growing Gardens targets suburban families who are interested in gardening but have little to no formal knowledge. The business primarily sells plants but is also extending into additional products (pots, fertilizer) and services (landscaping). Create an application to help people learn more about gardening and getting them to to begin to garden.
Now that you have some prompts and core criteria, you can start practicing by yourself. Imagine youāre running a think-aloud usability study, but instead of moderating, the participant is you. Record your first-time through and be sure to time yourself. Play back the recording and look for patterns where you pause, donāt speak, or speak too much.
Take a photo of the whiteboard and do a self-evaluation based on the criteria we mentioned in the beginning:
What did you wish you could spend more time on?
What did you miss?
If youāve been asked to do a whiteboard challenge in 2020 or 2021āand perhaps even beyondāchances are itās taking place remotely. Like the on-site version of this challenge, typically youāll have about 30 minutes to an hour to complete this interview. Instead of a traditional whiteboard in a conference room youāll be given a few options as to which tool you want to use.
In general, these options fall into two categoriesāanalog or digital. Analog tools such as a notepad or an actual whiteboard may feel familiar and fast. Digital tools that allow you to share the document live in the cloud may make it easier to collaborate.
| Tool | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|
| Whiteboard | Just like the real thing at a regular interview setting. | If you donāt have one already, buying a large whiteboard can get pricey. May not be readable through a laptop camera. |
| Paper notepad | Can be a great way to sketch out ideas, cheaper than buying your own whiteboard. | As with the whiteboard, camera quality will play a role in how your sketch looks. |
| Tablet (e.g. iPad) | Using a tool such as Procreate allows you to quickly sketch ideas. | Requires you to maneuver the device so that itās visible to the interviewer.Taking notes may take longer compared to sketching. |
| Design tool (e.g. Figma or Sketch) | No new tools to learn, easy to move around, sharing the file on the cloud makes it easier to collaborate. | Be careful not to waste time polishing pixels. |
| Whiteboarding tool (e.g. Miro, Mural) | Easy to get started with sketches quickly, and cloud share aids collaboration. | Getting things precisely mocked up may take a long time and may not feel as fluid as a dedicated design tool. |
If youāre choosing to go the analog route, be sure to test your camera set-up and quality ahead of time. It may be worth it to invest in a standalone camera, as opposed to the one that comes with your laptop, because you can easily reposition the camera to point to your notepad or whiteboard while still seeing the interviewer on the screen. Alternatively, you can dial into the meeting with your computer and your phoneāusing your phone as a standalone camera to point to the sketch.
Modern design tools allow you to share your file on the cloud, which may make collaboration easier while conserving video bandwidth. As an example, if youāre whiteboarding on Figma, you donāt have to share your screen, thus conserving bandwidth. If connectivity becomes an issue you can turn video off and go with audio only.
Regardless of which tool you pick, you may still run into interruptions or connectivity issues. Make sure you account for those and think how youāll respond when they happen. Having a plan for these now will make it easier for you to navigate these speed bumps as they occur.
One of the challenges of the whiteboard is that you may not be able to see the interviewerās body language. This becomes especially challenging if youāre sharing your screen and the interviewer becomes a small rectangle off to the side. In these cases, it helps to pause and check in with your interviewer from time to time. Since youāll be primarily driving the interview, you can stop periodically to ask, āAre you with me?ā or āDo you have any questions so far?ā
āimportantā As you know, the key criteria for a whiteboard challenge is collaboration. The remote flavor of this challenge offers a glimpse into how you may work with this designer in the future. Are they collaborative and encouraging? Make sure you write down your thoughts after the exercise.
When youāre solving design problems, one easy way to get a hang of things is to start with the simplest method possible. This could just be a notepad where you could sketch and document your ideas and process. As you get further along in your practice, I recommend switching to the final tool of your choice. This could still be a notepad, or if you do want to go the digital route (which I highly recommend), practice whiteboarding there. Consider your practice complete when the tools have become second nature, youāve developed a robust system for solving design challenges, and can quickly frame up the problem and the solution.
Interviewing is a process of continuous learning and self-reflection. Sometimes we find ourselves in the middle of an interview with one company just after having recently wrapped up a final interview with another company. Periodically stepping back and noting down your performance will help you continue to improve your interview skills and thus increase your chances of getting that dream role.
When youāre interviewing, inevitably your application will get rejected. Rejection stings, but by conducting your own retrospective and by asking for feedback, you can use it to your advantage. Instead of repeating the same mistake again, youāll know what not to do next time. Donāt skip the step of asking for feedbackāit may make a difference between getting a job or not in your next interview.
Once you do get the role, donāt stop. Accepting an offer too quickly can be a risk if the company has certain red flags (for example, poor culture or lack of runway). Be sure to schedule interviews of your own and do the due diligence to make a more informed decision while negotiating the offer.
Youāve wrapped up your final design interview! At this stage, you might have an interview lined up right after or you may be early in the interview process with other places. Regardless, it helps to step back and reflect on the day. Also, donāt forget to close strong by thanking your interviewers for their time. Some say that thank-yous are passĆ©. I disagree. Sending a specific and thoughtful email is an extra touch that reinforces your interest in the role.
To begin, grab a piece of paper and fold it twice to make three columns: celebrate, improve, learn.
When weāre in the middle of interviews, things happen fast. Sometimes thereās little room for thinking, and if youāre an introvert you may feel overwhelmed by the constant barrage of questions. So it helps to step back after the interview and celebrate the things that went particularly well:
How did I set myself up for success during the interview?
What question(s) did I pass with flying colors? What made it good?
How did I closely connect with one of the interviewers?
As you step back, try to view through the eyes of an outside observer, as if youāre watching yourself and the interviewer from the sidelines.
How did you come across?
What did you miss?
What could you have done better?
Iāve learned that people will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel.Maya Angelou
Another thing to note is what you learned and how you felt during the interview.
āstoryāāWhatās your favorite brand?ā asked the hiring manager during an on-site interview. I paused to think, as brand wasnāt my forte, but gave an explanation for why I thought Airbnb was doing meaningful work in experiences. āI hate Airbnb. Whatās your next one?ā she shot back. Later she proceeded to tear apart my portfolio. This interview was enough for me to learn everything I needed to learn about this companyās culture.
The interview is a two-way street. You and the interviewer get to know each other and build a shared understanding.
Youāve wrapped up your product design interviews and are now waiting to hear back. But a few days later you get that dreaded reply thanking you for your application, but itās ānot a good fit at this time.ā What happened?
You might get this generic, cryptic email. š¤
So letās say you got an email similar to the one above. Nowās a good time to follow up with the hiring manager or recruiter or both and ask for feedback (thus demonstrating self-awareness and a growth mindset in the process).
Hereās a general template to follow:
Thank them for giving their time.
Mention how youāre interested in the role and would like to be kept on the radar even if nowās not the right time.
Over time youāll accumulate different and potentially conflicting feedback. This is why it always helps to have a career roadmap for your next step in the journey. Some feedback will be relevantāsome wonāt be. A roadmap helps you prioritize.
Break the feedback down into quadrants.
Although a company really wants to fill that vacant design role, the cost of a bad hire is high. Companies hire conservatively. So even though they need help (and they stretch existing employees to fill the gap), many choose to wait longer to find a perfect match. Thatās why itās important to leave a strong impression and convince your interviewers that youāre the right designer for the job.
To be clear, āa perfect matchā doesnāt actually exist. Donāt eliminate yourself by not applying to roles where you meet 70% of the requirements. If you have the skills, you can pick up the other 30%. Whatās important is to communicate to your interviewers that in addition to your know-how, you have the ability to adapt and learn fast.
You can ensure you and your interviewers are on the same page by asking them point blank:
āIs there anything that I said or didnāt say that would make me not an ideal fit for this role?ā
Sometimes a lack of rejections can be a red flag too. You might actually be setting your goals or aspirations too low if youāre not getting a good dose of rejections during your interviews. Think of rejection as inoculation against further rejections, helping you get better over time.
Youāve landed that dream design job after all those interviews. This may even be your second or third offer. In either case, good on you for coming this far. The hard work paid off and the tables have turned. Before you accept the offer, do some homework to set yourself up for a strong head start in your next job. Now youāll get to play the role of an interviewer to see if hiring this particular job will be best for your career.
When companies hire executives, they usually go through an intensive interview process of getting the dirt behind the candidates. You should follow a similar process. With an offer in hand, take the time to get your questions answered about the company, opportunity, and team so that you can make a well-informed decision.
āimportantā Skip the email Q&Aāset up a coffee chat (or a conference call) instead. Body language and voice can sometimes be more telling than the answers themselves.
To start, you should talk with people youāll be working with dailyāa fellow designer, engineer, or a product manager. If thereās only one person that you can get to interview from your direct team, I would recommend talking with the product manager. So much of your day-to-day will be spent directly working with them. Understanding how they think about customers, design, and user research will help you get a much better clue of design maturity at the company.
If you havenāt had a chance to talk with your design manager during the interview process, definitely make the time to do so now.
You should feel confident that this manager is someone whoās going to help you grow. If something feels off, nowās a good time to clarify. A good manager is like a coachātheyāre there to set you and the team up to play your best. Theyāll navigate tough decisions with poise. No manager is perfect, but finding someone you can get along with well will make a big difference over time.
āimportantā If youāre joining a small company such as a startup, consider requesting a skip level meeting by asking to talk with your managerās manager or the CEO of the company. In smaller settings the leadership team has an outsize impact and can make or break your experience. How they respond to your questions will help you better gauge the companyās design maturity.
Now of course, current company employees will be biased in favor of the company. Itās rare that someone will tell you that the org isnāt in good shape or that the work environment is stressful. So it helps to get a second opinion. Talk to a former designer if there was one. Sometimes interviewing the people who just left will give you an unbiased view of the workplace youāre about to join.
āstoryāWhen I was getting background info on one of my managers, I looked at his connections on LinkedIn. One of those connectionsāletās call him Davidāworked with my manager a few jobs ago. Coincidentally, David also worked closely with a CEO of another company that I interviewed with. Small world!
Take the time to search out those former employeesāa few searches on LinkedIn, Twitter, or Google is all it takes.
As youāre reaching out to folks and setting up coffee chats, it helps to have a strong question list ready that gets to the heart of the matter. Just like interviewing users, you donāt want to ask leading questions but instead get at the truth by asking about existing behaviors.
I recommend you get a clear signal on the work, work-life balance, the design team, the companyās design maturity, andāif itās a startupāhow much runway they have left.
Here are some good questions to ask your design manager.
When you get an offer, take the time to zoom out before you zoom in. If you were to take this role, how will it help you achieve your current and future goals? Ultimately, weāre all captains of our own ships. A good job is one that pays well, grows your skills, and advances your career. Of course, choosing a job isnāt all about career aspirations either. Work-life balance is also key. In the end, you should weigh factors based on how important they are to you.
Remember the mapping your futures exercise exercise that we did earlier on? Nowās a good time to reflect, since youāve been through the process and a few weeks have passed by since then. Are your fundamental goals still the same? Have they changed with new information?
āimportantā There will never be a sure thing or an ideal workplace. Companies reorg, teams change, projects shift. The best you can do is to look at core factors (such as culture) and the key people who influence the process so that even in the times of reorg, youāll still end up in a good place because the culture of the company is one that resonates with your values.
When we think of negotiation, we think of it as the final step between you and the job. The reality is that weāre always negotiating. Sometimes youāre not even in the room. Your work, your portfolio, is negotiating on your behalf, especially in the beginningāso be sure to make it strong. Show that youāve achieved outstanding results in the companies you were with and this will lead to proper leveling and help the employer set the right expectations for a salary range.
Stay positive and convey your excitement for the role. The next step is to get the offer in writing so you can pore over it in detail. The employer wouldnāt expect you to commit on the spot, and itās reasonable to ask for time to think things over.
If youāre still on the fence about taking the job, get answers to your questions first by interviewing your future teammates. As part of your interviewing, you can also ask about job expectations and career ladders. What does success look like? Who is a good example of a strong designer there? Return here when youāre mostly certain.
When you receive your compensation package, youāll be leveled at a band, which comes with a range; for example, associate product designer makes $100Kā$110K base salary compared to a product designer who might make $110Kā$125K. In general, the company that youāre considering should have an objective standard for determining salary ranges, and you can always ask how theyāve arrived at their decision.
Years of design work serves as a rule of thumb when it comes to compensation, but years of experience doesnāt always equate to expertise. Ability to ship products that led to phenomenal outcomes does. Prove that you can perform at a certain band and have deep expertise that the company doesnāt haveāyouāll get compensated appropriately.
Base salary is usually shown as a pre-tax annual number. If youāre moving to a new area, be sure to factor in your cost of living plus various taxes. According to Hiredās State of Salaries 2019 report, the average tech salary is highest in the SF bay area at $145K. However, Austin, TX, wins out since it has a better cost of living and so the same salary brings more purchasing power. In addition to your base salary, itās helpful to understand how often the company does performance reviews, as these are additional opportunities to recalibrate your salary. Typically they happen either once or twice a year.
Start with the end in mind. Before entering a negotiation, think through the factors that are important to you now. You donāt have to have a five-year visionānot many do. But having a solid plan for your next year, what you want to learn, and the type of work you want to be doing will help you meaningfully make trade-offs.
When we think of negotiation, itās not unusual to think of it as a zero-sum game. One player takes most and another is left with less. But thatās a losing proposition. You should reframe a negotiation as a conversation to come up with a win-win situation for both parties. This will lead not only to a good short-term outcome for you but also to long-term goodwill down the road when your next assessment comes.
āimportantā A good negotiation should feel like a productive collaboration between two teammates.
Stay enthusiastic about the role throughout the negotiation process as youāre building rapport with the recruiter. Thank them for the concessions as youāre approaching the offer together. Mention that you appreciate their willingness to listen and be flexible. Graciousness goes a long wayādonāt miss an opportunity to make the other party feel fabulous. Youāve already built trust throughout the interview process; use the negotiation as a way to further reinforce your goodwill.
In turn, be willing to listen. Empathy is a designerās master skill. If you can truly understand their issues, and the true issues behind those, you can come up with a creative way to solve the compensation problem while putting them at ease and moving closer toward your end goal.
Your total comp is determined by a companyās leveling framework. The more senior you are, the more experience you have, the more money youāll get. At higher senior levels your compensation will be predominantly based on your performance and will be closer tied to your equity.
In certain organizations, being brought on at a certain level sometimes acts as an anchor. That is if youāre starting out at mid-level you may need to prove yourself for a long amount of time before getting promoted to a senior role. That said there is also a risk of coming in at a level thatās too high or setting yourself for a bar that you cannot meet.
After you join the company, the leveling document will be used as objective criteria to evaluate your performance and determine whether youāre not meeting, meeting, or exceeding the criteria set forth. While the common hustle advice is to āfake it ātil you make itā, sometimes there is no making it. Instead youād be better off in a place that strikes the right balance of playing to your strengths while giving you an opportunity to grow without so much stress that youāre not able to do your job.
Every company will have their own leveling guide which in great detail shows what one needs to do in order to perform at a certain level.
Negotiation starts when you first start applying, so look for opportunities to reinforce the unique skills and knowledge that you bring to solve a specific pain (or multiple pains) for the company.
āstoryāWhen I was applying through job boards (which is one of the worst ways to apply, by the way), I was able to score an interview at a well-known tech company due to advanced prototyping that Iād done previously. It was demonstrating the work in-person and letting the interviewers use my prototypes on their own that helped land an amazing offer.
Think of negotiation broadly. Itās not something that happens just at the endāa strong start can make a huge difference toward your final comp and leveling. But letās say you already are at the endāit doesnāt hurt to reiterate the unique value that you bring.
āimportantā If you want to get compensated highly, you need to understand a companyās key pain points. Show that your unique strengths can resolve these issues.
If youāre in a lucky position to have multiple offers, be sure to compare and contrast. Talk with the recruiter about matching your highest offerās salary. At this point you have some advantage here, as a company would hate to lose a qualified candidate to a competitor. Beyond salary, you can negotiate equity or maybe sweeten the deal with a one-time signing bonus.
Understand that interviewing candidates is a long process. Theyāve just gone through rounds of writing the job description, reviewing candidates, going through phone screens, and getting designers to spend their time interviewing you and other candidates. Finally, they narrowed it to one offerāyours. This whole process usually takes money and time, and time is the most painful factor. Theyād rather not go through a month and a half of work again.
āimportantā If you donāt have multiple offers outstandingādonāt let this deter you from negotiating. Even starting the compensation negotiation process already increases your chances of getting a favorable outcome.
The first step in negotiation is understanding the needs of your client. Since youāll be working closely with a recruiter and they have a quota to fill, you can assure them that youāre serious about the offer by saying youāll accept it right away if they can get you X. X can be anything thatās important to you and is not just restricted to salary.
Saying no can feel like placing an ultimatum. As weāve talked about earlier, a negotiation is like a conversation (but with high stakes). If youāre getting close to what you hope youāre getting, you can say no in a non-confrontational wayāāThank you for showing flexibility on salary, this seems appropriate. Could we talk about other things that factor into compensation?ā
Again, this will reinforce the image of your flexibility and allows you and the other party to examine compensation in a safe way.
Youāve played your cards right, done your homework, and negotiated with multiple offers, but still the company wonāt budge. Hey, at least youāve tried and youāre still ahead of most folks who donāt even ask. You still have a couple of options.
If youāre negotiating with a startup, the company simply may not have the money to give you a higher salary, as everyone is already taking a pay cut. Potentially, this is an opportunity either to ask for an increase in equity if you think your compensation package isnāt in line or to better understand how subsequent rounds of raising money will affect your compensation.
Finally, as a method of last resort you can also scale down salary in favor of equity or go the reverse route and ask for more cash with a lower equity stake. In doing so, you need to understand how this will impact your future performance reviews. Are you only going to be compensated with raises in extra cash, or can extra equity come into play as well?
When youāre joining a company, youāre not just getting paidāyouāre also buying into their culture. Ideally, youāll end up in a place that has good salary, good work, and good people. The day-to-day will be far more important to your long-term sense of achievement and success. If youāre always stressed about the commute, or if it feels like the co-workers donāt have your back, it will eventually translate to not just worse performanceāit will ultimately lead to burnout, forcing you to look for another job.
āimportantā Negotiation is a critical skill for designers. Itās not just something you magically get better at during a few critical moments where it counts. We donāt get to practice it as often as we need. Aside from practicing, it helps to learn what to practice. If I had to recommend one book on negotiation, it would be Never Split the Difference. Written by an FBI hostage negotiator, the tactics are made applicable to many areas of life, āin the boardroom or at home.ā
To learn more about design levels and how various companies structure them:
Intercomās individual contributor design levels and design manager levels, in addition to being open available and detailed, have specific objectives and growth tasks tied to each level.
Basecampās Titles for Designers. Although Basecamp is a small company by startup standards, their design framework is rigorous. Aside from describing what are the different expectations of designers, it also publicly lists the names of designers at those levels.
DoorDashās Head of Design, Helena Seo, shares her thinking and approach toward creating a leveling system at the company.
Youāve accepted an offer, negotiated it, and now all thatās left is to tell your current company that youāre moving on. First offācongrats! Success in design is often nonlinear. Itās not about going to an expensive university to end up working for a prestigious company. Great designers know that. Theyāve oftentimes experienced different cultures, worked with different people, and have seen industries shift. They understand that you canāt learn everything in one place.
Here is how you can quit well, set your current team up for success, and prepare for your next opportunity.
The first person to tell about your leave is your manager. Itās likely that theyāll try to persuade you to stay and offer some sort of incentive, such as a higher salary. If your current job isnāt meeting your needs that you hired it for, stick to your principles. People usually donāt quit over salary. If you got to this point, itās likely that thereās a list of things that arenāt going well at your current job. Itās bittersweet to say goodbye and venture into uncharted territory, but if youāve done your homework, the move will be worth it.
āimportantā Ask yourself: If somebody were to pick up your job today, how can you set them up for success?
Depending on where youāre working, the law is usually flexible. In the United States, many states have āat willā employment, which means you can quit or get laid off at any time. You donāt even have to have the conversation with your boss; just write your letter of resignation and be done with it.
It would be, however, a disservice to your team to leave so abruptly. This is especially true if youāre the only designer at the company. If somebody were to pick up your job today, how can you set them up for success? Can you pay your expertise forward? One of the things that I appreciate in my current role is the strong design system that a prior team has put together. Even though I didnāt have the opportunity to overlap with them, their work stood the test of time on its own.
We leave jobs because they donāt serve our needs well, but this doesnāt mean that this job canāt be a perfect fit for someone else. So if you know someone whoās interested, let your team knowādoing so will help them get back their footing quickly.
āstoryāWhen I decided to leave one of my jobs for grad school, I started actively looking for a replacement. I reached out on local UX job boards and pitched the job at a number of design events as well. Eventually I met a designer who was not only excited about the role but also had relevant industry experience. I introduced her to the company, helping her get a head start on the interview process.
If you already have regular one-on-ones with co-workers, nowās a good time to sync up for the last time. Take advantage of these to express your gratitude and thank your co-workers. This is your last opportunity to give feedback, highlight their successes, and share the good times youāve had together.
One of the things that I appreciate about our design industry is its tight-knit sense of community. Investing in and developing professional relationships, regardless of the company, is key. These people may follow you later. Or you may follow them to another role in a new company. You never know. Companies come and go, but relationships last.
On that last point, make sure to send out an email thanking folks, and leave contact info (usually a personal email) to stay in touch.
On the other hand, you may totally hate your job. This gig has been driving you nuts. You feel underappreciated and overworked. No one really seems to care. If thatās the case, resist the urge to (metaphorically) flip a table.
Yes, this situation isnāt good. A two-week notice isnāt required but is typical. Do the best you can and wrap things up. As Tina Seelig recounts in her book, What I Wish I Knew When I Was 20, an employee who was quitting refused to help during a critical time and as a result, āthe damage she did to her reputation during the last weeks of her employment dwarfed all the positive things she had done in prior years.ā Take the time to wrap things up as best you can and move on.
While the recruiter or even the hiring manager at the next role might pressure you to start as soon as possible, donāt give in. The time that you spend between your (now) past job and your future job is just as important. Use it wisely to rest and reflect on your experience.
If your previous job has caused you to burn out (or if youāve burnt out multiple times already), then rest should be top priority. Donāt try to do much work during this period. Disconnect fully. Catch up on what youāve been neglecting.
Once youāre refreshed, take the time to reflect. This is a good time to revisit your original job framework:
Where are you in your career now?
In tech jobs, two-year stints are becoming the norm. If you started working at 21 and retired at 65, thatās potentially 22 jobs and 22 different onboardings. This number may be higher if youāve worked for startups, since some companies donāt even make it past the first year. Regardless of the company, ramping up to a new role poses unique challenges. Although companies usually have an onboarding process in place, many of them are short and arenāt role-specific. Donāt leave this crucial part of the process to chance. By structuring your own onboarding, youāll be able to build strong relationships, avoid pitfalls, and create momentum toward great work and your next promotion.
āimportantā Every onboarding will be different. Depending on the size of the company some phases may take about a month each. Some phases may be a quick affair while others may drag a little as you get into the details. In a small startup your onboarding may be compressed to a week or even a few hours. So take these as a starting point and be sure to adjust them to your context.
It may come as a surprise, but your onboarding starts with your first interview. Treat it as an opportunity to ask questions as if itās your first day working at the company. Of course, you wonāt learn everything here, so be sure to follow up with interviews of your own after you get the offer. When you accept the role, ask your manager if thereās anything you should study ahead of time. Even if there isnāt, this shows initiative on your part to get going fast. You want to be sure to do two things before you dive in:
Close the previous chapter. When youāre transitioning to a new role, take the time to rest and reflect. Even a small break will give you enough distance to close out the previous work chapter and savor the future possibilities of your new role. Donāt make the mistake of jumping right in without proper recoveryāyou wonāt be able to start off as strong, and you may even burn out in the long run.
Create your learning plan. After a period of rest, plan what you need to learn and accomplish by the end of day one, week one, month one and so on. Adjust your plan as you gain new knowledge, of course, but planning now will help you keep your career priorities in mind, especially when you hit the inevitable snags. Even if there are none, this shows initiative on your part to hit the ground running.
During this phase, youāll be in full-on learning mode. It might be tempting to start fixing things right away, but knowing the context, the system, and its people will help you push for change effectively later.
Key objectives for this phase include:
Gather context.
Set expectations with your design manager.
This phase, youāll start to shift toward execution.
Key objectives for this phase:
Learn about adjacent teams.
Continue building relationships with your immediate team.
By the end of this phase, youāll be a trustworthy, well-versed insider whoās up to speed on process, team, and the inner workings of the organization. Your challenge will be to keep this momentum going.
Key objectives for this phase:
Become efficient.
Amplify impact.
By now, you should know the nuts and bolts of how to land your dream role. From taking stock of your various skills, building your identity, structuring your portfolio, and navigating the various interview types, to reflecting on the feedback and wrapping things up with negotiation and a strong start.
As we know, design is never a linear process from A to B, and often thereās a big, messy middle. Knowing how to get to your dream role comes with an understanding of what skills you bring to the table and how to properly communicate them in various stages of the process. Reflecting on your experience throughout these stages is key, as usually new information comes in to help us steer our job search in a favorable direction. While each journey is unique, having a destination in mind makes navigation easier.
Over the course of writing this book, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, the way we get work done (and how we interview) has shifted dramatically. The journey has been redefined. Gone are the days of in-person interviewsānow you can talk to many companies all from the comfort of your home.
Of course this brings new challenges. Itās hard to get a feel for a place when all you see is a bunch of faces in rectangles on Zoom. Networking is no longer an in-person affair but has been pushed online as well. Maybe location isnāt as critical as we once thought. If we can get our job done remotely, especially in the midst of a pandemic, then this can usher in a whole new world of flexible work arrangements, opening up opportunities outside of the traditional tech hubs of the world.
A common question that I sometimes get from folks who are already working is, āWhatās a good number of years to stay at a job before you start looking?ā Ideally, youāre in a place long enough to make an impact, and you outgrow the position or the company. Thereās nothing left to learn, thereās not a clear or appealing path to growth, and you may see a more fruitful opportunity elsewhere. Sometimes this means being at a job for a few months, other times it means working at the same place for a decade.
Of course there are exceptions to this. The company may be doing poorly, is downsizing, or it has a toxic environment that wasnāt apparent during the interviews. This could all happen, and thereās no imperative to stay at a company that doesnāt invest in you. Todayās world offers designers a lot of challenges to address. The trick is to find the right alignment given your strengths and needs.
In her excellent book, Ask Me This Instead, Kendra Haberkorn recommends candidates ask themselves why they would want to run away from a particular job. Sometimes these reasons can be obvious. Other times you might need to do a little soul searching to think about what you value in work and see if these values have changed since you last searched for or accepted a job.
I encourage you to write your reasons out. Similar to the interview retrospective exercise and your reflection at the end of your onboardingāthink about the things that are working, what could be improved, and what youāve learned. In doing so, you may not actually need to look for work, potentially many of these can be fixed on the job through some conversations with your manager. Kendra also suggests asking yourself what job you would run towards. After all, you donāt want to leave a place out of anger just to find yourself in a new role thatās just as bad or worse. Preparation is keyāand figuring out what you really want and really value is part of that.
If your job search is over and youāve signed an offer, you might wonder, āWhatās next?ā First of all, congrats, landing a role can be a challenging process and youāve proven yourself to be a top candidate. And donāt let that imposter syndrome get in the wayāthe decision to hire you has been made. Now itās important to concentrate on the work at hand, to accelerate and grow.
When some time has passed, I always encourage folks to revisit their ideal role template. Take a pulse check about every six months or so. Are the things that brought you to this job still there, or have things changed? Depending on the company and market, the rate of change may be drastic. Or maybe there were no changes to the company at all but perhaps your own needs have changed. Revisiting your original dream role North Star will help you continue steering your career in the right place with new information.
Landing a dream job with a great salary is just the beginning. Itās what you do afterwards that will set you up for success, whether itās in your current job or the next one. Take another look at your skills and traits. If youāre interested in getting promoted, make sure you bring that up with your manager so that you can work on a development plan together.
Design is a changing discipline. While fundamental principles of human behavior remain the same, technology is changing rapidly. Stay up to date, continue learning. These core skills will help you perform well on the job and will also make you a strong candidate so that you can write your own ticket and define your future.
All the resources that were mentioned in the book in one place.
Product Design Skills, Traits, and Responsibilities
About Face: The Essentials of Interaction Design, 4th ed., by Alan Cooper, et al. Itās a great handbook to refer back to, as well as a primer for anyone new to design.
Jakon Nielsenās 10 Usability Heuristics for User Interface Design.
Observing the User Experience: A Practitionerās Guide to User Research by Elizabeth Goodman, et al. A useful read on research techniques that lays out the core fundamentals while arming you with practical tips.
Meeting Design: For Managers, Makers, and Everyone, by Kevin Hoffman. A book specifically about meetings. I know what youāre thinking: what could be more boring than attending a meetingāreading a book about it. But itās a solid read that helps you reframe how you facilitate and conduct meetings, helping you ultimately save more time.
Designing Together, by Dan Brown. All about how to collaborate as a designer, working with different styles, and how to take work together to achieve a better outcome.
User Experience Management by Arnie Lund. More applicable for managers, itās also a good read when it comes to understanding how individual designers fit into a larger companyās ecosystem.
Emotional Intelligence by Daniel Goleman. A definitive book on the topic of emotional intelligence, awareness of self, and how to use emotional intelligence to connect with others (itās not just about being āniceā).
A frequent question I get from folks is, how long did it take to write this book? Although the content took only two years to put together, the reality is that Iāve been thinking about the topic of design, careers, and development for over a decade. And although my name is on the cover, rest assured many people supported me on this journey; there wouldnāt be a book without them.
First and foremost, Iām grateful for the support of my family. I spent a fair amount of time writing parts of the book while on vacation, which sometimes meant locking myself away in my room for hours on end. Thank you for being patient with me during this time.
A big shout out goes to the fantastic team at Holloway. Courtney Nash helped start the conversation encouraging me to write. Her support and guidance helped me create a strong narrative from beginning to end. Taking the book to the finish line was no small feat either, and I have to thank Joshua Levy and Rachel Jepsen for helping me get there.
Big thank you to Fabricio Teixeira and Caio Braga at UX Collective for supporting my writing over the past few years. Shout out to Fabricio for feedback and encouraging words which buoyed me to continue writing during a challenging time in my career. And of course, Iām indebted to everyone who has read my articles, shared the work, downloaded the templates, and provided feedback.